To investigate the cellular basis linking hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes melllrus (NIDDM), and obesity, we used 31 P and "F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure intracellular pH (pHJ, free magnesium (M&), and cytosolic free calcium (Ca,) in erythrocytes of obese and NIDDM subjects with and without hypertension. Compared with nonnotensive, nondiabetic controls (Ca^ 25.2 ±1.4 nM; Mg,, 232 ±8 fiM), Cat was elevated in both nonnotensive (36.8±2.7 nM, sig=0.005) and hypertensive (43.4±2.9 nM, sig=0.001) NIDDM subjects, and Mg, was concomitantly suppressed (nonnotensive: 206±ll juM, sig=0.05; hypertensive: 196±8 fiM, sig=0.001). Similar but less striking changes were noted in obese subjects. Values of pH, were significantly lower (sig=0.05) in all hypertensive groups compared with their nonnotensive controls. Continuous relations were observed for all subjects between Ca, and diastolic blood pressure (r=0.649,/7<0.001) and body mass index (r=0-565,p<0.001), between Mg, and diastolic blood pressure (r=-0.563, p<0.001) and fasting blood glucose (r=-0.580, p<0.001), and in diabetics, between pH, and diastolic blood pressure (r= -0.680, p<0.001). Thus, the constellation of elevated Ca, and suppressed Mg, and pH, levels is characteristic of the hypertensive state. These abnormalities of cellular ion handling in whole or in part common to hypertension, diabetes, and obesity may contribute to the pathophysiology of these syndromes and may help to explain their frequent clinical coexistence. (Hypertension 1991;17:951-957) T he long-recognized association of hypertension, obesity, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) has received increasing attention.1 In particular, it has been suggested that the insulin resistance and concomitant hyperinsulinemia present in these disease states may represent a metabolic link mediating their increased clinical coincidence. -3At the cellular level, we previously have reported that levels of intracellular free magnesium (Mgi) are closely related to the height of the blood pressure and to the insulinemic response to glucose loading; the lower the Mg^ the higher the pressure and the greater the peripheral insulin resistance. -7 Similarly, we found that lower intracellular pH (pHj) values strongly correlated with both blood pressure and hyperinsulinemia. 58 We hypothesized that these
Tendency for depression might be a common health problem among college students in Oman attending primary health care facilities. Further research on socio-demographic characteristics and the effect of depression on the academic performance is needed.
Background: The importance of prediabetes and prehypertension has been demonstrated in several studies especially for primary prevention of CVD. A recent community based crosssectional study revealed that 40.9 percent Omani adults are prediabetics. This study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of prehypertension and associated cardiovascular risk profiles in prediabetics. To best of our knowledge, this is the first report on this subject.
The Sultanate of Oman has experienced an epidemiological transition over the last 4 decades with rising tide of non-communicable disease such as type-2 diabetes. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of prediabetes and explore the associated demographic, clinical and biochemical risk factors among a semi-urban Omani population. A semi-urban satellite town, Bidbid, located about 30 km west of the capital, Muscat, was selected as the study setting. The targeted participants were Omani adults (18 to 60 years old) who had resided in Bidbid municipality for at least 6 months prior to enrollment in the study. Using multistage random sampling, 1,600 Bidbid residents were invited to participate in the study. The study protocol gathered data on the socio-demographic and clinical backgrounds of the participants. Participants' impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and cholesterol and triglyceride levels were then measured. The study surveyed 1,313 individuals (490 men and 823 women) out of 1,600 who had been invited to participate. The participation rate was higher among women than men (91.5% compared to 54.3%). A total of 459 individuals (35% of participants) were diagnosed as pre-diabetic by either the IGT or IFG test; 121 (9%) were pre-diabetic by virtue of both measurements. Male gender, advanced age and obesity were each independently associated with higher prevalence of pre-diabetes. Increased prevalence of pre-diabetes also correlated with the indices of hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidaemia. Pre-diabetes is a substantial health problem in Oman that may present a significant challenge to the national healthcare system in the near future. Customized interventions targeting groups with high risk of pre-diabetes, especially men, the elderly and the obese, are urgently needed.
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