Average democracy scores in free, partially free, and not free (autocratic) countries 41 5.1 Outline of transmission channels in the aid-growth relationship 58 2SLS two-stage least squares 3SLS three-stage least squares AP Angrist and Pischke (2009) CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CRS Credit Reporting System DAC Development Assistance Committee DDD difference-indifference in differences DFID UK Department for International Development DV dependent variable EC European Commission FDI foreign direct investment FGLS feasible generalized least squares GDP gross domestic product GMM generalized method of moments GNI gross national income ICRG International Country Risk Guide IDA International Development Association IV instrumental variable LIML limited information, maximum likelihood ODA offi cial development assistance OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OLS ordinary least squares RET random-effects tobit SE-IV single-equation instrumental variable SSA Sub-Saharan Africa SSE-IV simultaneous system of equations instrumental variable UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacifi c Acronyms and Abbreviations Foreign Aid Allocation, Governance, and Economic Growth 1. All dollar amounts in the book are US dollars unless otherwise indicated. All monetary amounts used in the book's calculations are in constant (real) US dollars. * indicates signifi cant at the 10 percent level; ** indicates signifi cant at the 5 percent level; *** indicates signifi cant at the 1 percent level. Observations are fi ve-year averages during the 1973-2002 horizon.
This paper documents the food and agricultural policy process in the context of agrarian reforms in Tajikistan. It uses the case study of Tajikistan and applies a recently developed conceptual framework for understanding the drivers of policy change. It undertakes a historical review of agrarian reforms and appraises current policy challenges within the food and agricultural sector. Using specific tools to study power relations, financing, and information flows in the policy process, it maps institutional architecture and key stakeholders in the pre- and post-soviet era. Information gathered through focused group discussions, key informant interviews, and recent field research on food and agricultural policy issues is used to analyze factors that drive different stages of the policy making process. We find that understanding the political economy and policy process interface in Tajikistan is key for designing and implementing successful policy interventions. While progress has been made, agrarian reforms towards improving land tenure rights, strengthening WUAs, providing crop insurance against drought, are the necessary steps in a larger policy discussion. Ensuring the effectiveness of land reforms, building agricultural extension system, and supporting agricultural research systems are examples of some key initiatives that the government should focus on. Investments in transportation, storage, credit facilities, and markets involving private sector will speed up the reform process.
Agriculture–nutrition linkages (ANLs) have been increasingly investigated in the literature. However, nutritional returns and costs of household agricultural production practices (APPs) in semisubsistence settings are poorly understood. We fill these knowledge gaps using pooled cross‐section data sets in Tajikistan, where semisubsistence farming and undernutrition coexist despite relatively good agricultural infrastructure and education systems. Agricultural diversification, yield enhancement, production expansion are positively associated with various nutritional outcomes, particularly in areas with poor food market access. Decomposition exercises suggest that nutritional returns and costs of these APPs vary across households, and the adoption of APPs is driven by the expected nutritional returns. In Tajikistan, improving nutrition through household ANLs requires growing the smallholder agricultural sector in multiple dimensions, including diversification, intensification, and expansion, while also understanding better the pathways of ANLs and addressing bottlenecks at appropriate stages of such pathways.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.