A consequence of similar institutional conditions of domestic labor markets in Europe is the permanent occurrence of the “labor hoarding” phenomenon, which entails non-immediate adaptation of employment to production changes. The article verifies whether the phenomenon of labor hoarding occurs in the European Union countries and what is its level and the direction of changes between 1996 and 2016. The empirical study of employment adjustments to the production volume showed that in the examined period the phenomenon of labor hoarding occurred in all countries of the European Union (excluding Spain). Labor hoarding was accomplished through a slight adjustment of the number of employees to production changes. At the same time, it was noticed that the companies were more flexible with adjusting the number of hours worked. This was particularly evident during global crises and was the consequence of other vital changes in national economies.
Discrimination based on gender is commonly observed on labor markets, although its scale and symptoms are different with regard to country and are subject to changes over time. Gender-related diverse flows on the labor market constitute one of its symptoms. The paper’s main objective was to answer the question whether women on the labor market were still secondary workers. The analysis was conducted based on general models of flows on the labour market, examining connections between changes in a number of unemployed and changes in a number of employed men and women. There were applied data for eight OECD countries from various regions of the world. The obtained results were highly diversified depending on the analysis period and country. However, they confirmed that in the past women had been more secondary workers despite no differences in the unemployment rate. Gender impact was noticeable especially in the employment decrease periods. For data after the year 1990, gender-related differences disappeared or significantly decreased in four countries (Australia, Denmark, United Kingdom, United States), but in two of them (Canada, South Korea) – differences increased.
The seasonality of tourism demand is a natural condition for the functioning of tourist enterprises and affects the choice of employment practice. The aim of the research is to identify the practices of employing workers in tourism industry enterprises and try to understand the determinants of these decisions. The main research questions were what employment practices are used in tourist enterprises and how does the opinion on the condition of the local labor market influence this choice? It was assumed that, in the tourism industry, seasonal fluctuations can be treated the same way cyclical fluctuations are treated in the analysis of dynamic labor demand. The basis for the conclusions was the results of a survey conducted in the tourism industry enterprises in the seaside region of Poland. In the tourist region of the Polish Baltic Sea, 75.6% of tourist enterprises use the practice of total or partial labor hoarding, and 24.4% of enterprises do not use the practice of labor hoarding. They immediately adjust employment to seasonal changes in demand.
STRESZCZENIEZasoby ludzkie stanowią podstawę kreowania wartości każdego przedsiębiorstwa. Pracownicy mogą być źródłem przewagi konkurencyjnej, dotyczy to także branży turystycznej. Tradycyjne podejście do zasobów ludzkich w branży turystycznej wydaje się niewystarczające, ze względu na sezonowy charakter produkcji. Sezonowość na rynku turystycznym powoduje konieczność przyjęcia odpowiedniej strategii zarządzania zasobem ludzkim. Celem artykułu jest określenie znaczenia sezonowości w wyborze możliwej strategii zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi w przedsiębiorstwach turystycznych na przykładzie nadmorskiego rynku usług turystycznych.
Purpose: This paper aims to identify the price linkages among the three largest auction tea markets in Colombo (Sri Lanka), Kolkata (India), and Mombasa (Kenya). The hypothesis about the existence of long-term price linkages between markets was verified and the rate of short-term price reactions to exogenous price shocks on particular markets has been defined. Design/Methodology/Approach: Due to a diverse level of integration of particular variables, ARDL models were applied in the analyses. The bounds test was applied to test long-term price linkages. Short-term adjustment were described based on the restricted Error Correction Models. Findings: The obtained results indicated that market linkages were mainly long-term. Shortterm price linkages among markets were poor. The Colombo market had the largest number of price maker features, but the Kolkata market behaved more like a price taker. The article analyzes average prices of tea in the individual markets. Price differences do not include the tea class quality. Practical Implications: The results indicate that price information on other markets is primarily relevant for long-term decisions. In short-term decisions, information on tea prices on other markets is of relatively small importance. Originality/Value: The indication of central markets is important for market participants. It is difficult to determine a priori whether and if so which markets are the most important in the price setting process. The obtained results indicate that the Colombo market was the leading market in the long term. In the short term, price information on other markets was primarily relevant for the Kolkata market.
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