rity of DNA by decreasing spontaneous DNA strand breaks [Bakuradze et al., 2015].Cancers in women are a serious global health problem and a leading cause of death. They are responsible for a quarter of the deaths of women in Europe [European Commission, 2019] and a fi fth in the USA [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019]. In sex hormone--dependent cancers, abnormal estrogen and progesterone levels are among the risk factors [Brown & Hankinson, 2015;Diep et al., 2015]. With 24.2% incidence, breast cancer cases are the most common in women [Bray et al., 2018]. In the global incidence of female cancers, endometrial (4.4%) and ovarian cancers (3.4%) rank sixth and eighth, respectively [Bray et al., 2018].Coffee is a source of biologically active compounds, many of which have anti-cancer properties. However, observational studies with humans, which focus mainly on coffee consumption (caffeinated or decaffeinated) and caffeine intake, show rather confl icting results for breast, uterine, and ovarian cancer. This literature review aims to present current research related to coffee and its components and hormone-dependent female cancers, such as breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer, and to identify gaps in research that may be exploited in the future.

The study aimed to compare the yeast species diversity in the specific environment of dishwashers, taking into account the potential risk for users. Yeasts were isolated from ten dishwashers and from tap water supplied to the appliances. Samples were collected for mycological analyses at the beginning of each month, from February to May 2016. Four dishwasher sites (rubber seals, detergent dispensers, sprinklers, and water drains) were analyzed. The microfungi were identified by the standard procedures applied in mycological diagnostics. To confirm species identification, molecular analysis was performed based on the sequences of the D1/D2 region. The presence of microfungi was detected in 70% of the investigated appliances. Rubber seals, detergent dispensers, and water drains were the most frequently colonized elements. Thirty-five yeast strains were isolated in this study, of which twenty-seven were obtained from dishwashers and eight from tap water. The strains belonged to six genera and six species (Candida parapsilosis, Clavispora lusitaniae, Dipodascus capitatus, Exophiala dermatitidis, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa). Most of the strains came from rubber seals. In this way, it was demonstrated that the dishwashers’ condition is sufficient as an ecological niche for microfungi.

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This study analysed whether the littoral zone in the immediate vicinity of bathing sites retains potentially pathogenic yeasts on the phyllosphere surface and to what extent the species composition of microfungi in the phyllosphere and in surface waters is similar. The research was carried out in selected lakes located within the administrative boundaries of the city of Olsztyn, the largest city in the Masurian Lake District (NE Poland). The experiment was conducted in three summer seasons near bathing sites in three lakes, which are the most popular as recreational sites (Lake Kortowskie, Lake Tyrsko, and Lake Skanda). Microfungi isolated from the phyllosphere of 13 plant species of the littoral zone from dropped leaves of coast plants with no disease symptoms were used as the study material. The isolated fungi were identified in accordance with the accepted diagnostic procedures applied in mycological laboratories. A total of 36 yeast species of 16 genera were identified. Fungi found earlier at the bathing sites of the lakes were identified in 60% of the cases. Nine species were categorised as class BSL-2 fungi. This study provides a valuable complement of data concerning the natural composition of the littoral microbiota.

Wprowadzenie. Racjonalne żywienie pozwala na zachowanie pełni zdrowia i dobrej kondycji organizmu. Wyższe uczelnie medyczne oraz osoby na nich studiujące kojarzone są z wysoką świadomością zasad ochrony zdrowia. Jednym z kluczowych elementów prewencji chorób, w szczególności chorób cywilizacyjnych, jest prawidłowe żywienie, szczególnie we wczesnych okresach życia. Cel pracy. Celem niniejszej pracy była ocena wybranych zwyczajów żywieniowych studentów Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Białymstoku. Materiał i metody. Badaniem objęto 94-osobową grupę studentów w wieku 19-25 lat. Metodę badania stanowił anonimowy kwestionariusz ankiety oraz kwestionariusz częstotliwości spożycia i wywiadu 24-godzinnego. Do analizy danych wykorzystano elementy statystyki opisowej oraz test U Manna-Whitneya. Wyniki. Przeważająca część respondentów (87%) charakteryzowała się prawidłową masą ciała. Analiza wykazała, iż sposób żywienia większości z nich był zgodny z obowiązującymi rekomendacjami. Do pozytywnych aspektów diety badanych osób należało m.in. spożywanie odpowiedniej ilości posiłków w ciągu dnia oraz regularne jedzenie śniadań. Podjadając pomiędzy posiłkami, młodzi ludzie wybierali najczęściej zdrowe przekąski. Badani wypijali odpowiednią ilość płynów, często zaspokajając pragnienie wodą. Do najczęściej popełnianych błędów należała natomiast niewystarczająca częstotliwość spożycia ryb, surowych warzyw oraz nasion roślin strączkowych. Odnotowano istotnie statystycznie wyższe spożycie węglowodanów w grupie kobiet w porównaniu z grupą mężczyzn. Wnioski. Podsumowując, można stwierdzić, iż studentom Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Białymstoku znajomość zasad racjonalnego żywienia jest dobrze znana.