The structure of GeO(2) glass was investigated at pressures up to 17.5(5) GPa using in situ time-of-flight neutron diffraction with a Paris-Edinburgh press employing sintered diamond anvils. A new methodology and data correction procedure were developed, enabling a reliable measurement of structure factors that are largely free from diamond Bragg peaks. Calibration curves, which are important for neutron diffraction work on disordered materials, were constructed for pressure as a function of applied load for both single and double toroid anvil geometries. The diffraction data are compared to new molecular-dynamics simulations made using transferrable interaction potentials that include dipole-polarization effects. The results, when taken together with those from other experimental methods, are consistent with four densification mechanisms. The first, at pressures up to approximately equal 5 GPa, is associated with a reorganization of GeO(4) units. The second, extending over the range from approximately equal 5 to 10 GPa, corresponds to a regime where GeO(4) units are replaced predominantly by GeO(5) units. In the third, as the pressure increases beyond ~10 GPa, appreciable concentrations of GeO(6) units begin to form and there is a decrease in the rate of change of the intermediate-range order as measured by the pressure dependence of the position of the first sharp diffraction peak. In the fourth, at about 30 GPa, the transformation to a predominantly octahedral glass is achieved and further densification proceeds via compression of the Ge-O bonds. The observed changes in the measured diffraction patterns for GeO(2) occur at similar dimensionless number densities to those found for SiO(2), indicating similar densification mechanisms for both glasses. This implies a regime from about 15 to 24 GPa where SiO(4) units are replaced predominantly by SiO(5) units, and a regime beyond ~24 GPa where appreciable concentrations of SiO(6) units begin to form.

The structure of the network forming glass GeO(2) is investigated by making the first application of the method of in situ neutron diffraction with isotope substitution at pressures increasing from ambient to 8 GPa. Of the various models, the experimental results are in quantitative agreement only with molecular dynamics simulations made using interaction potentials that include dipole-polarization effects. When the reduced density ρ/ρ(0) > or approximately equal to 1.16, where ρ(0) is the value at ambient pressure, network collapse proceeds via an interplay between the predominance of distorted square pyramidal GeO(5) units versus octahedral GeO(6) units as they replace tetrahedral GeO(4) units. This replacement necessitates the formation of threefold coordinated oxygen atoms and leads to an increase with density in the number of small rings, where a preference is shown for sixfold rings when ρ/ρ(0) = 1 and fourfold rings when ρ/ρ(0) = 1.64.

A combination of in situ high-pressure neutron diffraction at pressures up to 17.5(5) GPa and molecular dynamics simulations employing a many-body interatomic potential model is used to investigate the structure of cold-compressed silica glass. The simulations give a good account of the neutron diffraction results and of existing x-ray diffraction results at pressures up to ~60  GPa. On the basis of the molecular dynamics results, an atomistic model for densification is proposed in which rings are "zipped" by a pairing of five- and/or sixfold coordinated Si sites. The model gives an accurate description for the dependence of the mean primitive ring size ⟨n⟩ on the mean Si-O coordination number, thereby linking a parameter that is sensitive to ordering on multiple length scales to a readily measurable parameter that describes the local coordination environment.

The method of in situ high-pressure neutron diffraction is used to investigate the structure of B 2 O 3 glass on compression in the range from ambient to 17.5(5) GPa. The experimental results are supplemented by molecular dynamics simulations made using a newly developed aspherical ion model. The results tie together those obtained from other experimental techniques to reveal three densification regimes. In the first, BO 3 triangles are the predominant structural motifs as the pressure is increased from ambient to 6.3(5) GPa, but there is an alteration to the intermediate range order which is associated with the dissolution of boroxol rings. In the second, BO 4 motifs replace BO 3 triangles at pressures beyond 6.3 GPa and the dissolution of boroxol rings continues until it is completed at 11-14 GPa. In the third, the B-O coordination number continues to increase with pressure to give a predominantly tetrahedral glass, a process that is completed at a pressure in excess of 22.5 GPa. On recovery of the glass to ambient from a pressure of 8.2 GPa, triangular BO 3 motifs are recovered but, relative to the uncompressed material, there is a change to the intermediate range order. The comparison between experiment and simulation shows that the aspherical ion model is able to provide results of unprecedented accuracy at pressures up to at least 10 GPa.

The evolution in structure of the prototypical network-forming glass GeSe 2 is investigated at pressures up to ∼16 GPa by using a combination of neutron diffraction and first-principles molecular dynamics. The neutron diffraction work at pressures 8.2 GPa employed the method of isotope substitution, and the molecular dynamics simulations were performed with two different exchange-correlation functionals, the Becke-Lee-Yang-Parr (BLYP) and the hybrid Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof HSE06. The results show density-driven structural transformations that differ substantially from those observed in common oxide glasses such as SiO 2 and GeO 2. Edge-sharing tetrahedra persist as important structural motifs until a threshold pressure of ∼8.5 GPa is attained, whereupon a mediating role is found for homopolar bonds in the appearance of higher coordinated Ge-centered polyhedra. These mechanisms of network transformation are likely to be generic for the class of glass-forming materials where homopolar bonds and fragility-promoting edge-sharing motifs are prevalent in the ambient-pressure network.

An error was made by the publisher when editing the paper. On page 2, lines 28-30 of the right-hand column, the text 'the sample-and-anvil geometry is complex and geometry changes with pressure as the anvils close and the sample and its container deform' should read 'the sample-and-anvil geometry is complex and changes with pressure as the anvils close and the sample and its container deform'.

The rare-earth gallate glasses R 4 Ga 6 O 15 , where R denotes Pr or Nd, were prepared using an aerodynamic levitator and laser heating system. The structure was studied by applying the method of isomorphic substitution in neutron diffraction which allows for an identification of the gallium and rare-earth coordination environments. The results give a mean Ga-O coordination number of 4.2(1) at a distance of 1.85(2) Å and a mean R-O coordination number of 7.4(2) at a mean distance of 2.38(2) Å. The experimental results are consistent with a glass network built from GaO 4 tetrahedra and with the presence of GaO 6 octahedra at the 10(5)% level.