BackgroundAcne is a very common condition and has a substantial impact on patients’ quality of life. This study was carried out to determine the impact of acne and its clinical severity on health related quality of life in a group of patients attending private clinic in Erbil city, Iraq.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted between July 1st, 2011 and November 1st, 2011. A convenience sample of 510 patients attending private clinic in Erbil city was taken. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants. The Cardiff acne disability index (CADI) was used in this study.ResultsThe sample included 510 patients (173 males and 337 females); their mean ± SD age was 20.08 ± 4.23 years (ranged from 11 to 36 years) with a male: female ratio of 0.41:1. The mean ± SD ages of males and females were 18.62 ±3.19 and 20.83 ±4.49 years, respectively (P < 0.001). Results revealed that there is significant association between age and quality of life impairment (P < 0.001), and it revealed that quality of life was more impaired (47.2%) among female than that (37.6%) among male patients (P = 0.038). There was significant association between grading of acne and QOL impairment (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsAcne negatively affects quality of life, females were more affected than the males, age group 21–25 more than the other age groups and the greater the grade "severity" of acne, the greater the level of impairment of quality of life.
There was a lack of understanding of plagiarism and its legal ramifications among undergraduate medical and nursing students in Erbil. The findings of this study indicate that there is an urgent need to increase students' understanding of plagiarism and its consequences so as to reduce the incidence of this type of academic misconduct.
Background and objectives: Breast cancer has specific challenges for women. This study was carried out to identify the frequency of depression and anxiety in women with breast cancer.. Methods:A hospital based case-control study was carried out in Erbil city from August, 15 th to November, 1 st 2010. The convenient sample included 100 cases of diagnosed breast cancer for the last three years attending Maternity and Nanakali hospitals and two hundred age-matched (± 5 years) non-cancer women attending the Maternity hospital for gynaecological conditions were taken as a control group. Results:The mean ± SD ages of cases and controls were 45.51 ± 8.87.4 and 44.57 ± 8.59 years, respectively (P=0.378). The proportion of depression among cases (69%) was higher than that among controls (17.5%) (P<0.001), and the proportion of anxiety among cases (56%) was higher than that among controls (16%) (P<0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis of risk factors for depression revealed that breast cancer (OR=10.531), owned home (OR=0.463), and years of formal education (OR=0.917) have a statistically significant association with depression. While breast cancer (OR=8.735) and parity (OR=1.167) have a statistically significant association with anxiety and borderline anxiety. Conclusion:Increased levels of depression and anxiety after a diagnosis of breast cancer highlight the need for dedicated psychiatric service provision.
Amyloid involvement of the breast is infrequently reported and may have clinical and radiological features suspicious for a primary breast malignancy. We describe a case of amyloid of the breast in which asymptomatic mammographic findings were suspicious for locally recurrent disease in a patient with previously treated breast cancer.
Background and objective Early marriage is prevalent in Iraq, but the factors related to this behavior, especially people's attitudes about it, have not been well studied. It has been proven that early marriage seriously threatens young girls' lives and health. This study aimed to explore the perception of people about early marriage in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. Methods A qualitative method was employed to carry out this study in 2020. Data were collected through 16 focus group discussions in different health centers in Erbil, Iraq. Each focus group included 8–12 participants who had the experience of early marriage. The transcripts of the focus groups were analyzed through the six methodological activities of Van Manen. The trustworthiness of the data was confirmed by using qualitative data evaluation criteria. Results Different themes and subthemes regarding the ideal age of marriage, attitudes toward marriage, reasons for early marriage, advantages and disadvantages of early marriage, and practice of early marriage in the community emerged from focus group discussions. Most participants identified early marriage as inappropriate social behavior that should not be practiced. Reasons for early marriage included poor economic status, protection of girls and boys, low educational level, and respect for old traditions of the community. Divorce and violence against women were the main disadvantages of early marriage. Conclusion There is a generally negative attitude towards early marriage, and the practice's disadvantages and health and psychological consequences are well recognized in Iraqi Kurdistan Region. However, different social, traditional, economic, educational, and religious factors encourage early marriage in the region. Further research is recommended in other governorates in the area to have a more precise and representative idea about the topic.
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