The mitochondrial cyt b gene plays a serious role in investigating untruthful meat species. This study aimed to authenticate the species of poultry products (Escallop, Nugget, Steak, and Sausage) depending on cyt b gene by using universal cyt b primer. DNA was isolated, and then a band of 359 bp of a mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was produced during the PCR amplification. The PCR products were exposed to Hinf1 and Rsa I restriction enzymes. The restricted fragments produced by restriction fragment length polymorphism technique (RFLP), were run by agarose gel electrophoresis. Results showed that all products had a similar band except sausage product does not follow the rule and showed mislabeling product by the REs, Two bands were yielded by HinfI RE for all products (114 and 245) bp with the differentiated sausage among other products based on the fake product (63 and 296) bp, while digestion by Rsa I produced three bands for escallop, nugget, and steak, (63, 100, 196), but only two bands for sausage was generated (148 and 211). As result, the study offered that analyzing meat products to detect the origin species via a PCR-RFLP technique by using these restriction enzymes can give reliable results. In short sausage is considered as fraud products because the results showed different bands as compared with poultry meat.

This work includes, identification eight species of Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) which collected from the leaves of different plants in many localities of Erbil governorate Kurdistan region-Iraq from the period May till July 2022, these are: Chaitophorus salijaponicus, Aphis fabae, Macrosiphum rosae, Capitophorus carduinus, Myzus persicae, Aphis ruborum, Aphis punca, and Aphis gossypii. The mitochondrial cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene used for identification these species. DNA was isolated, and a band of 550 bp of mt COI gene was amplified during the PCR amplification. The amplicons were digested with HinfI and DdeI restriction enzymes. The restricted fragments produced by RFLP technique were proved by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results illustrated that digested amplicons were given bands according to their cut sites. This study presented that studying aphids to detect their species through a RFLP-PCR technique by using these restriction enzymes can distinguish some species with reliable results. HinfI and DdeI REs could not distinguish all species, HinfI only discriminated species Macrosiphum rosae, Capitophorus carduinus, Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii, but DdeI identified the remain species, Chaitophorus salijaponicus, Macrosiphum rosae, Myzus persicae and Aphis ruborum, within and among other species exactly. The study suggested using other restriction enzymes to provide full recognition profile for all species.

The study aimed to identify the species origin of imported buffalo meat from three countries Ukraine, Brazil and India to Erbil using PCR-RFLP technique. The pair of universal cyt b primer was designed to amplify a 359 bp DNA fragment in PCR amplification. Then the amplified fragments were digested with Hinf1 and Rsa I restriction enzymes, achieving a characteristics banding pattern in a 2% agarose which produced evidence to identify origin meat species. The results presented that digestion of samples with the Hinf1 RE, produced two bands in each (Ukraine and Brazil), (58 and 301) bp while it was showed different bands in Indian buffalo meat (85, 274) bp. On the other hand the outcomes in the Rsa I RE were two bands in Ukraine and Brazil (156, 203) bp and two bands were obtained in Indian buffalo meat (106, 253) bp. The results realized that the Indian buffalo meat species was not acceptable and showed mislabeling products. Thus, the obtained results recommend that the PCR-RFLP technique with HinfI and Rsa I restriction enzymes play an important role to detect the origin meat species, since it is a fast, simple and easily handle technique for detection of meat species.