Salvia nemorosa L. or wood sage is a rich source of antimicrobial and antioxidant metabolites. Considering the importance of this medicinal plant and phytochemical diversity among its populations for local consumption and breeding porpuses this study was performed to determine and compare essential oil (EO) compositions of sage plants collected from four regions in the northwest of Iran including Ahar, Zonouz, Urmia, and Ardabil at two growth stages (vegetative and flowering) to finally demonstrate the effects of growth and location on EO features. The results showed the EO content of flowers in the studied regions were the highest in comparison with vegetative and flowering stages leaves. The percentage and the number of volatile compositions in the OE of flowers were those that presented the highest quantity. In Zonouz, 87.13% and 12 compositions while in Aahar, 80.20%, and 19 compositions. The lowest percentage and the number of volatile compositions in the OE of the flowers were seen in Urmia, 78.56%, and 13 compositions, while in Ardabil, these numbers were 68.61% and 10 compositions, respectively. Caryophyllene oxide had the highest content in all essential oils extracted, being the highest in the flowering stage leaves of the regions of Zonouz, Ardabil, and Urmia, respectively. In Ahar, unlike other areas, the most significant percentage of this compound was in the leaves of the vegetative stage. The oxygenated sesquiterpenes increased in the EO content of the flowers of the Urmia (46.31%), Ardabil (45.60%) and Zonouz (42.59%) regions. In contrast to other areas, for the Ahar region, the highest amount (36.18%) of oxygenated sesquiterpenes was observed in the EO of the leaves of the flowering stage. It can be concluded that different plant growth stages, plant harvest time, environmental conditions, primary habitat, and differences in climatic conditions can contribute to the concentration, type, and percentage of volatile compounds in the salvia EO.
In order to investigate the antioxidant activity of Salvia nemorosa L. collected from Ahar and Urmia regions in Iran at different growth stages, aerial parts of sage after collecting were dried, and for measurement, the ability of scavenge DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) radical in different concentrations (0.025, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1, 0.2, 0.04 and 0.6) of methanolic extracts were prepared. The result showed that the ability to scavenge DPPH radical and amount of inhibition percent of vegetative stage leaves, flowering stage leaves, and flowers increased with increasing concentrations of methanolic extracts from 0.25 to 0.6 mg/mL. In the region of Urmia, the highest amount of DPPH inhibition there was in vegetative stage leaves, and the lowest amount of DPPH inhibition was seen in flowers. In Ahar regions, unlike the Urmia region, the highest amount of DPPH inhibition there was in flowers, but the lowest of DPPH inhibition was seen in flowering stage leaves. Also, the content of inhibition of DPPH in Ahar and Urmia regions similarly increased between two phenological stages (vegetative stage leaves, flowering stage leaves, and flowers) in 0.4 mg/mL and 0.6 mg/mL concentrations.
This study was designed to examine the DPPH free radical-scavenging activity, in different concentrations (0.025, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1, 0.2, 0.04 and 0.6) of methanolic extracts of Salvia nemorosa L. collected from the northwest of Iran (Zonouz and Ardabil regions) at two-stage of growth (vegetative stage leaves, flowering stage leaves, and flowers). The result showed that the mean of inhibition percentage in the Zonouz region increased in various concentrations and between flowers, vegetative stage leaves, and flowering stage leaves, compared with the plants of the Ardabil region. In each of the regions of Zonouz and Ardabil, the highest amount of DPPH inhibition was observed in the vegetative stage leaves in comparison with flowering stage leaves and flowers. In addition, in the effect of DPPH radical trapping in different concentrations of methanolic extracts of Salvia nemorosa L. was observed that from each of the collected region, methanolic extracts from sage plants were dose-dependent and acted very effective and useful and the best antioxidant activity was in the high concentration of extracts, So in Zonouz and Ardabil regions, the content of inhibition of DPPH increased significantly, by increasing the concentration of 0.025 mg/ml to 0.6 mg/ml and in Zonouz region the content of inhibition of DPPH similarly increased in 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/ml concentrations. In the Ardabil region, the most content of inhibition of DPPH was seen in 0.4 mg/ml and 0.6 mg/ml concentrations, but in this region, the content of inhibition of DPPH in 0.2 mg/ml concentration there was only in vegetative stage leaves and flowering stage leaves.
This study was designed to examine the DPPH free radical-scavenging activity, in different concentrations (0.025, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1, 0.2, 0.04 and 0.6) of methanolic extracts of Salvia nemorosa L. collected from the northwest of Iran (Zonouz and Ardabil regions) at two-stage of growth (vegetative stage leaves, flowering stage leaves, and flowers). The result showed that the mean of inhibition percentage in the Zonouz region increased in various concentrations and between flowers, vegetative stage leaves, and flowering stage leaves, compared with the plants of the Ardabil region. In each of the regions of Zonouz and Ardabil, the highest amount of DPPH inhibition was observed in the vegetative stage leaves in comparison with flowering stage leaves and flowers. In addition, in the effect of DPPH radical trapping in different concentrations of methanolic extracts of Salvia nemorosa L. was observed that from each of the collected region, methanolic extracts from sage plants were dose-dependent and acted very effective and useful and the best antioxidant activity was in the high concentration of extracts, So in Zonouz and Ardabil regions, the content of inhibition of DPPH increased significantly, by increasing the concentration of 0.025 mg/ml to 0.6 mg/ml and in Zonouz region the content of inhibition of DPPH similarly increased in 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/ml concentrations. In the Ardabil region, the most content of inhibition of DPPH was seen in 0.4 mg/ml and 0.6 mg/ml concentrations, but in this region, the content of inhibition of DPPH in 0.2 mg/ml concentration there was only in vegetative stage leaves and flowering stage leaves
In order to investigate the antioxidant activity of Salvia nemorosa L. collected from Ahar and Urmia regions in Iran at different growth stages, aerial parts of sage after collecting were dried, and for measurement, the ability of scavenge DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) radical in different concentrations (0.025, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1, 0.2, 0.04 and 0.6) of methanolic extracts were prepared. The result showed that the ability to scavenge DPPH radical and amount of inhibition percent of vegetative stage leaves, flowering stage leaves, and flowers increased with increasing concentrations of methanolic extracts from 0.25 to 0.6 mg/ml. In the region of Urmia, the highest amount of DPPH inhibition there was in vegetative stage leaves, and the lowest amount of DPPH inhibition was seen in flowers. In Ahar regions, unlike the Urmia region, the highest amount of DPPH inhibition there was in flowers, but the lowest of DPPH inhibition was seen in flowering stage leaves. Also, the content of inhibition of DPPH in Ahar and Urmia regions similarly increased between two phenological stages (vegetative stage leaves, flowering stage leaves, and flowers) in 0.4 mg/ml and 0.6 mg/ml concentrations
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