In the last few decades, pharmaceuticals, credited with saving millions of lives, have emerged as a new class of environmental contaminant. These compounds can have both chronic and acute harmful effects on natural flora and fauna. The presence of pharmaceutical contaminants in ground waters, surface waters (lakes, rivers, and streams), sea water, wastewater treatment plants (influents and effluents), soils, and sludges has been well doccumented. A range of methods including oxidation, photolysis, UV-degradation, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and adsorption has been used for their remediation from aqueous systems. Many methods have been commercially limited by toxic sludge generation, incomplete removal, high capital and operating costs, and the need for skilled operating and maintenance personnel. Adsorption technologies are a low-cost alternative, easily used in developing countries where there is a dearth of advanced technologies, skilled personnel, and available capital, and adsorption appears to be the most broadly feasible pharmaceutical removal method. Adsorption remediation methods are easily integrated with wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Herein, we have reviewed the literature (1990–2018) illustrating the rising environmental pharmaceutical contamination concerns as well as remediation efforts emphasizing adsorption.

Treatment regimen recommended for resistant tuberculosis consists of various drugs and these drugs are prescribed for at least 12-15 months. Such a long duration therapy and high dose of antibiotics result in adverse drug reactions (ADRs). ADRs may lead to various complications in disease management like replacement of drugs, dose increment, therapy withdrawal, etc. Linezolid is one of those drugs, practiced as an anti-mycobacterial agent and it is an important member of drug regimen for MDR and XDR tuberculosis. Linezolid is a broad spectrum antibiotic known for its unique mechanism of inhibition of resistant pathogenic strains. However, it causes serious adverse effects like thrombocytopenia, optic neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, lactic acidosis, etc. Literature suggests that Linezolid can cause severe ADRs which affect patient compliance and hinder in therapy to a larger extent. Recent studies confirm the possibility of ADRs to be predicted with genetic make-up of individuals. To effectively deliver the available treatment regimen and ensure patient compliance, it is important to manage ADRs more efficiently. The role of pharmacogenomics in reducing adverse drug effects has been recently explored. In the present review, we discussed about Linezolid induced adverse drug reactions, mechanisms and genetic associations.

For an experienced operator, TUA is a safe and also an effective alternative to TRA in terms of feasibility and safety.

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Introduction: Forearm arteries are frequently used as workhorse site for cardiac catheterization, bypass grafting and haemodialysis access. There is paucity of data on palmar circulation in live human being and only cadaveric data are available till date. We, therefore, made an attempt to look at the various patterns of sufficient or insufficient palmar arch circulation and various anomalies of forearm arteries, to discuss their clinical implications. Methods and results: We obtained the forearm and hand arteriograms of patients (n ¼ 302) through radial (n ¼ 200) and ulnar routes (n ¼ 102). Modified Allen's test was normal in all of our patients. On the basis of predetermined parameters angiograms were analysed and findings were divided into three groups. These three groups were further classified as type A, type B, type C superficial palmar arch. Conclusion: We concluded that type A superficial palmar arch is most suitable for providing adequate collateral circulation in case of harvesting of forearm vessel, whereas type C superficial palmar arch appears to be highly susceptible for digital ischemia in case of radial or ulnar artery occlusion. Modified Allen's test alone is not justifiable for documenting good collateral circulation and it should be supplemented by other tests to document good collateral circulation before proceeding to any radical procedure.

In our study, a strong correlation between planimetered MVA and MLS was found using 3D Xplane technique. 3D Xplane thus validates and standardizes MLS by excluding errors due to temporal and spatial variations which are important limitations of 2D echocardiography.

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