This article presents a literature review on the chemical composition, antimicrobial activities of cedar oils, and the main diseases this tree is subjected to. The studies included in this review have drawn upon several databases including Scopus, Springer, ScienceDirect, Web of sciences. The keywords used in data collection were C. atlantica M, C. libani L, C. deodara L, C. brevifolia H, Red ring rot (M'jej), Cubic brown rot (Saboune). Genus Cedrus is rich in bioactive molecules such as himachalenes, atlantones and generally terpenes. These molecules have an important medicinal and cosmetic properties maintained by the inhibition and destruction of many bacteria and fungi, along with other several biological activities. Cedar suffers from pests and fungal attacks, which cause two types of fungal decay: the first one is brown cubic rot caused by Fomitopsis pinicola or Ungulina officinalis, and the red ring rot caused by Trametes pini or Phellinus chrysoloma.
Over the last three decades, the world has been confronted with several respiratory syndromes epidemics as: SARS in 2002, the H1N1 pandemic in 2009, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012 and the Ebola epidemic in 2014. They have resulted in significant direct and indirect mortality and morbidity. In this work, we analyze the strategies implemented by Morocco by highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of all the actions undertaken that have made Morocco an example in the COVID-19 pandemic management. In order to obtain convincing results, Morocco adopted the precautionary principle by taking drastic measures as soon as the first case of contamination appeared. These measures were taken considering the population, thus saving time and gradually acquiring the adequate logistical resources for the epidemic management. Among these measures which have proved their effectiveness, we find the emergence of a local sanitary equipment and devices industry necessary for the protection and care of COVID-19 (artificial respirator, masks, hydro-alcoholic gel...), the construction of the largest hospital in Africa in 15 days (700 beds) for the care of people with COVID-19, the chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine based dual therapy adoption, compensation for individuals and companies, the cultural aspect and societal practices in addition to strict progressive containment. Thus, the study of the strategies implemented by the government of the Kingdom of Morocco since the state of emergency declared on 20 March, the date of the containment beginning to its end, has highlighted the main influences on the capacity of all the players to successfully manage the socio-economic and health situation, making Morocco an example in the management of the COVID-19 pandemic, as have Germany, South Korea and the Scandinavian countries, with a lethality under 200 deaths.
As part of the valorization of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants (AMP) in Morocco, we studied the chemical composition and the antibacterial and antifungal activities of Teucrium polium Essential Oil harvested in a region of Pre-Rif, Taza in Morocco (BniKrama). After extraction of the essential oil (EO) by hydro-distillation process, the study of the chemical composition of this EO was carried out by gas chromatography (GPC) and GC/MS (gas chromatography- mass spectrometry), and the evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activity was carried out against eleven microbial strains by determining the minimum concentration inhibitor. The yield after extraction by hydro-distillation is 0.71%. After (CPG) of the essence of this plant, sixty-eight components have been identified, of which α-Pinene is the major component (21.96%). It is followed by Limonene (18.77%), and β-Pinene (8.46%). The essential oil of T. polium (EOTP) has shown strong antibacterial and antifungal activity. This bioactivity is mainly due to the richness of this essence in terpenes known by their effectiveness against microbial agents. This essential oil is very rich in chemical molecules. Antimicrobial tests show that this EOTP has a broad spectrum on molds, fungi and bacteria.
Fish is the most preferred and consumed food by humans because it is a source of protein, vitamins and energy with low fat and calorie content. The risks of chemical contamination of foods for human health are recognized as one of the most important issues related to the consumption of aquatic foods, especially the toxicity associated with contamination by dangerous chemicals. The risk of this toxicity increases their dangers globally and at a remarkable trend. The development projects whose estuaries have been the subject of several studies since the middle of the last century because of their impact on the environment, in addition, the profound modification which has modified not only the geometry of the estuaries, but also natural hydrological and sedimentological processes. The objective of our research work is to study the impact of these development projects in estuaries (Bouregreg estuary as an example) on the accumulation of heavy metals in fish of aquatic origin. These studies were largely carried out within the framework of guaranteeing health safety on the one hand for fish and on the other hand for human beings.
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