Sugarcane bagasse (SB) before and after alkaline treatment has been investigated for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The results showed that the adsorption was chemical in nature and the OH, C=O, and C-O groups were particularly responsible for MB dye adsorption. The optimum concentration of MB solution was fixed at 0.1 gr/50 mL in both treated and untreated SB. Batch adsorption studies are used to derive the optimum adsorption conditions. A contact time of 90 min, a pH range from 5 to 9, a dose of 0.1 g, and an initial concentration of the MB of 100 ppm were chosen. The amount of adsorbed MB dye on the surface of the SB was temperature dependent, and the adsorption increases with increasing temperature. The values of ΔH , ΔG , and ΔS indicated endothermic but spontaneous process. The overall results indicated that SB was a promising candidate for dye removals.
Sand based superhydrophobic materials, such as paraffin-coated sand, are the focus of global research to fight land desertification. The present work investigates the development of paraffin-coated sand with extending service life as well as improving and stabilizing hydrophobic property by adding plastic waste. While the addition of polyethylene (PE) did not improve the hydrophobic property of paraffin coated sand, incorporating 4.5% of polystyrene (PS) in the composition of coated sand increased the contact angle. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) indicated that PS increased the molecular orientation of sand and reduced the thickness of the paraffin coating. Paraffin on the other hand improved the distribution of PS and prevented aggregation with sand. Both FTIR bands at 1085 cm−1 and 462 cm−1 were more sensitive to change in PS contents, while other bands at 780 cm−1 and 798 cm−1 were more sensitive to change in paraffin contents. Moreover, the XRD patterns of sand were split into two components by the addition of PS indicating the transformation of morphology to less ordered or more distorted form. 2D-COS is a powerful tool to reveal harmony of components in mixtures, extract information related to the role of each of them, and help in decision-making process regarding choosing the appropriate recipes.
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