where an experiment was carried out in the wired house by cultivating wheat variety (buhuth 22). The plants were exposed to two dry periods (6, 9) days and three levels of light intensity (100%, 75%, 35%), and the shoots were sprayed with three concentrations of ascorbic acid (0, 100, 200ppm) to see their effect on physiological characteristics and the results were analyzed statistically using a complete random design (C.R.D) with three replicates. The results showed that drought had a negative effect on plant height, leaf area, relative water contents, total chlorophyll and carotenoids, at the second dry period, with a percentage of 17.12, 36.02, 9.70, 28.57, and 30.26%, respectively, compared with their controls treatment, while plants growing under normal light intensity (100%) outperformed in the characteristic of plant height and total chlorophyll, while there was an increase in the leaf area and relative water content with reduced light intensity compared to normal lighting. On the other hand, the interaction of ascorbic acid, drought and the intensity of lighting had a positive effect on plant growth in most of the studied physiological characteristics.
Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) method was performed for welding of aluminum alloys AA6061-T6 with pure aluminum AA1100 sheets having thicknesses of 2.4 and 3 mm respectively. FSSW procedure was accomplished at varied tool rotational speeds (1000, 1600, and 2000 rpm). The dwell time was (2, 4, and 6 sec) and the geometry of the tool pin was threaded cylindrical pin with a cylindrical and straight shoulder. The aluminum alloy AA6061-T6 sheet was overlapped on the pure aluminum AA1100 sheet. The tensile shear test was investigated for all specimens. It was deduced that the value of the maximum shear force is 1.95 kN. This value was obtained at the following welding factors: 2000 rpm spindle rotational speed, 4 sec dwell time and threaded cylindrical pin profile, the two other factors which were pin length and plunging time were kept as constant parameters through the tests at 3.2 mm and 40 sec respectively. It was also concluded that the fracture happens in the nugget zone mode at the highest lap-shear load.
In the manufacturing field of industrial firms, some materials are hard to cut and do not meet the mechanical operation requirements in conventional and unconventional machining methods due to their high mechanical properties which poorer their machinability. The need is ongoing and growing to these materials in important industries, therefore hot machining is considered one of the most advanced methods of machining which help to solve the problem of these materials. This process involves heating the work piece at elevated temperature during or before machining on conventional cutting machine by using various external heating techniques, which soften it and becomes more ductile and this leads to improve the machinability. This paper displays a review on hot machining process and presents its effectiveness for the industrial firm in machining hard-to cut-materials which reflect on cost and productivity in relation to other aspects of machining. The review paper presents a survey on various researches which indicates the effect of variation process parameters in hot machining.
Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) is one of the most efficient fusion welding processes which known as a thermoelectric process used in joining metal by a combination of adjustable parameters (heat, pressure and time), it is high speed, flexible and highly productive process. It is extensively used for many industrial purposes in particular in the automotive industry. The aim of the present work is to study the effect of welding nugget area on the tensile strength of the resistance spot welded joints, the present discussion deals with effect of the parameters of resistance spot welding process (current, time, electrode force) on nugget formation and on failure load of the spot weld joints (the relation between nugget size and strength with input parameters). The test material of the specimens which used in this study is low carbon steel. The mechanical performance (peak load, failure mode) of the welded joints was determined by tensile testing, the testing results were analyzed which were obvious the effectiveness and the necessaries of the suitable or proper welding parameters for the strength of the spot weld joints.
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