Cellulose is one of the most frequently used and generally available materials on Earth and has been utilized for ages in a variety of applications. Numerous researchers have investigated various lignocellulosic sources for the extraction of cellulose and the author has introduced a new source for the extraction of cellulose and cellulosic nanofibers: fruits or seedpods of Delonix Regia (CNF). The solvent casting process is used to create the PVA/CNF composite after the cellulose and CNF have been removed using a mechano-chemical method. SEM, tensile testing, soil burial testing and moisture absorption tests have all been used to examine the morphological, mechanical, biodegradable and moisture absorption capabilities of pure PVA and PVA/CNF composite with 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 percentages of CNF. According to SEM findings, agglomeration was seen at higher concentrations but uniform and homogenous distribution of nano-fillers was seen at lower percentages of CNF. It is profusely clear from the results of the tensile tests that the percentage elongation initially decreased and then began to increase at higher concentration, while the Young’s modulus and tensile strength initially increased at lower percentages of CNF rapidly and gradually decreased for higher concentration. Pure PVA had the least resistance to degradation in biodegradability test, while the biodegradability test showed that the inclusion of CNF decreased the composite material’s ability to degrade. With the addition of CNF, the rate of moisture absorption decreased, resulting in a PVA/CNF composite material that will last longer and perform better without material degradation.
Lignocellulosic fibers have attracted the attention of researchers, academicians and industries in recent years. These fibers have several advantages as compared to conventionally used fibers such as availability in abundance in nature as it can be extracted from almost every plants, biodegradability, environmental friendliness, high specific strength, etc. Cellulose content of fiber depends on the chemical constituents of the source plant from which it is extracted hence it becomes necessary to understand the constituents of lignocellulosic fibers before its application. In this paper, a new source (Delonix Regia Fruit) of cellulosic fibers has been evaluated and chemical constituents of Delonix Regia fruit fiber has been compared with several lignocellulosic plant fibers. Also, Delonix Regia Fruit fibers are presented as a new source of cellulose and Chemical methods are used for extraction of cellulose from it. Chemically Treated and untreated fibers are characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) to understand the effect of chemical treatment, properties of the cellulose yield. From the results compositional analysis it can be seen that Delonix Regia fruit fibers have 66.9% cellulose content which is very high as compared to most of the popular sources which makes it suitable and cost effective to extract cellulose from it and can be used in biocomposites and bionanocomposites. Analysis of FT-IR spectra of untreated and chemically treated Delonix Regia Fruit Fibers revealed the removal of hemi-cellulose and lignin by chemical treatments followed. TGA-DTG results proved that highly purified yield of cellulose is successfully extracted by the chemical route followed.
Design of Turbo machinery is complex and efficiency is directly related to material performance, material selection is of prime importance. Temperature limitations are the most crucial limiting factors to gas turbine efficiencies. This paper presents the life of GTD 111 applied to gas turbine blade based on LCF and TMF test results. The LCF tests were conducted under various strain ranges based on gas turbine operating conditions. In addition, IP (in-phase) and OP (out of-phase) TMF tests were conducted under various strain ranges. The paper will focus light on above issues and each plays an important role within the Gas Turbine Material literature and ultimately influences on planning and development practices. It is expected that this comprehensive contribution will be very beneficial to everyone involved or interested in Gas Turbines.
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