From the past two decades, technological advancements in science and chemistry made possible many new drug delivery systems that have the potential to completely change the course of routine therapeutic ways. Lipid and polymer-based drug delivery systems are considered to be the pillars of many drug dosage forms, irrespective of their route of administration. With increasing knowledge on their chemistry, lipids and polymers are being modified and used as potential novel drug delivery systems with smart polymers and lipid nanotechnology paving the way for efficient drug delivery into the patient. This review article covers the swing of these drug delivery systems in the current market and interpreting all this from a health care professional’s point of view. Keywords: Gene delivery, Lipid based drug delivery, Polymer based drug delivery, Target specific drugs, Solid lipid nanoparticles
Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder, which affects the major organs in the human body. Pathophysiology of SLE is unknown. It mainly affects the joints, and restricts their movement. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) an anti-malarial drug is used as the first line of drugs used to treat SLE. The major adverse effect of this drug is irreversible retinopathy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence and prevalence of retinopathy in patients with long-term usage of hydroxychloroquine (for more than 1 year).Methods: In patients with SLE, we recorded a review on HCQ induced toxicity among those taking it for longer period (>1 year). All the patients were above 18 years of age. A total data of 210 patients suffering from SLE and taking HCQ for more than one year was collected. Patients were categorized according to gender and dose pattern. Out of 210 patients, 0 patients were found to be retinal toxic induced by HCQ.Results: Suitable statistical tools were used and data was analysed which showed the incidence and prevalence of HCQ induced toxicity. With the results of our study we can understand that incidence and prevalence rates were very low among the subjects.Conclusions: HCQ is said to reduce the risk of disease remission, improves survival, minimizes the risks of vital organ damage, reduces the frequency of flares and has a protective effect on cardiovascular health. HCQ medication is usually well tolerated. But irreversible retinopathy is the major effect on long term use of HCQ. The present study concludes that in the nominal daily dose of 200mg did not reveal any signs of retinal toxicity in 100% of the population tested within 5 years of HCQ treatment suggesting that the toxicity is rare and can be prevented by reducing the dose of the drug.
Background: Pemetrexed (PEM) is a new-generation multitargeted antifolate agent that has been shown to have broad-spectrum efficacy in a variety of human cancers, including NSCLC and mesothelioma. Dose-limiting hematologic toxicities are among the most serious side effects. PEM nephrotoxicity is well-known, but its occurrence is thought to be rare. Aim was to determine nephrotoxicity induced due to pemetrexed in non-small cell lung cancer patients.Methods: In patients with the NSCLC, we record a retrospective review on PEM- induced renal toxicity. A total of 327 NSCLC patients were treated in our hospital between 2012 and 2019. Of these, 134 patients were diagnosed with 2 or more chemotherapy cycles. 60 of these patients have been diagnosed with combination of antineoplastic drugs based on pemetrexed and platinum. Others were removed from the study and were also required to be tested for other potential causes of renal injury.Results: Suitable statistical tools were used and data was analysed which showed that repeated chemo cycles of pemetrexed leads to the reversible acute kidney injury. With the results from our study we can understand the severity of nephrotoxicity induced with pemetrexed in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Most of the patients were in the first and second stages of nephrotoxicity and most of them were male. Majority of the patients were also above 40 years of age and also endured more than 4 chemo cycles.Conclusions: It shows that PEM allows longer survival, but acute or chronic kidney failure is the price for this achievement. In conclusion, renal toxicity should be controlled routinely in patients treated with pemetrexed. Before each cycle of pemetrexed, creatinine clearance should be measured. Patients need to be well hydrated during treatment. The patient should also be tested for concomitant medications, and any nephrotoxic symptoms should be reviewed and those drugs removed.
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