Colorectal carcinogenesis (CRC) imposes a major health burden in developing countries. It is the third major cause of cancer deaths. Despite several treatment strategies, novel drugs are warranted to reduce the severity of this disease. Adenomatous polyps in the colon are the major culprits in CRC and found in 45% of cancers, especially in patients 60 years of age. Inflammatory polyps are currently gaining attention in CRC, and a growing body of evidence denotes the role of inflammation in CRC. Several experimental models are being employed to investigate CRC in animals, which include the APCmin/+ mouse model, Azoxymethane, Dimethyl hydrazine, and a combination of Dextran sodium sulphate and dimethyl hydrazine. During CRC progression, several signal transduction pathways are activated. Among the major signal transduction pathways are p53, Transforming growth factor beta, Wnt/β-catenin, Delta Notch, Hippo signalling, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 pathways. These signalling pathways collaborate with cell death mechanisms, which include apoptosis, necroptosis and autophagy, to determine cell fate. Extensive research has been carried out in our laboratory to investigate these signal transduction and cell death mechanistic pathways in CRC. This review summarizes CRC pathogenesis and the related cell death and signal transduction pathways.
Diagnosis and identification of viruses is an important component of diagnostic virology laboratory. Although various modes of diagnostic methods are now available at disposal, a vast majority of the diseases across the globe remain undiagnosed. This is largely due to the overlapping undifferentiated set of symptoms across myriad set of RNA and DNA viral diseases. As such, it becomes critical to take into consideration several factors for viral diagnosis ranging from the type and quality of specimen collected, time of specimen collection, mode of transport, accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and the type of diagnostic method used. This chapter broadly emphasizes various methods on diagnostic virology ranging from the classical methods of diagnosis to the most recently developed molecular methods of detection of virus.
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