The aim of this article is to provide essential information for hepatologists, who primarily care for adults, regarding liver-based inborn errors of metabolism with particular reference to those that may be treatable with liver transplantation and to provide adequate references for more in-depth study should one of these disease states be encountered. Liver Transpl 14:713-733, 2008.
The Søgne Basin in the Danish‐Norwegian Central Graben is unique in the North Sea because it has been proven to contain commercial volumes of hydrocarbons derived only from Middle Jurassic coaly source rocks. Exploration here relies on the identification of good quality, mature Middle Jurassic coaly and lacustrine source rocks and Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous marine source rocks. The present study examines source rock data from almost 900 Middle Jurassic and Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous samples from 21 wells together with 286 vitrinite reflectance data from 14 wells. The kerogen composition and kinetics for bulk petroleum formation of three Middle Jurassic lacustrine samples were also determined. Differences in kerogen composition between the coaly and marine source rocks result in two principal oil windows: (i) the effective oil window for Middle Jurassic coaly strata, located at ∼3800 m and spanning at least ∼650 m; and (ii) the oil window for Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous marine mudstones, located at ∼3250 m and spanning ∼650 m. A possible third oil window may relate to Middle Jurassic lacustrine deposits. Middle Jurassic coaly strata are thermally mature in the southern part of the Søgne Basin and probably also in the north, whereas they are largely immature in the central part of the basin. HImax values of the Middle Jurassic coals range from ∼150–280 mg HC/g TOC indicating that they are gas‐prone to gas/oil‐prone. The overall source rock quality of the Middle Jurassic coaly rocks is fair to good, although a relatively large number of the samples are of poor source rock quality. At the present day, Middle Jurassic oil‐prone or gas/oil‐prone rocks occur in the southern part of the basin and possibly in a narrow zone in the northern part. In the remainder of the basin, these deposits are considered to be gas‐prone or are absent. Wells in the northernmost part of the Søgne Basin / southernmost Steinbit Terrace encountered Middle Jurassic organic–rich lacustrine mudstones with sapropelic kerogen, high HI values reaching 770 mg HC/g TOC and Ea‐distributions characterised by a single dominant Ea‐peak. The presence of lacustrine mudstones is also suggested by a limited number of samples with HI values above 300 mg HC/g TOC in the southern part of the basin; in addition, palynofacies demonstrate a progressive increase in the abundance and areal extent of lacustrine and brackish open water conditions during Callovian times. A regional presence of oil‐prone Middle Jurassic lacustrine source rocks in the Søgne Basin, however, remains speculative. Middle Jurassic kitchen areas may be present in an elongated palaeo‐depression in the northern part of the Søgne Basin and in restricted areas in the south. Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous mudstones are thermally mature in the central, western and northern parts of the basin; they are immature in the eastern part towards the Coffee Soil Fault, and overmature in the southernmost part. Only a minor proportion of the mudstones have HI values >300 m...
The alum shales of Bornholm and their stinkstones were mentioned as long ago as by Ørsted & Esmarck, though these authors occupied themselves chiefly with the question of their practical utility, their conclusion being that they are not so bituminous as to permit of their being used for fuel in the burning of lime, as for instance the shales of Västergötland are still used today. (Ørsted & Esmarck 1819).Forchammer also refers to these alum shales and names a few fossils, but his description of "the transitional formation" includes the whole of the series that extends from Middle Cambrian to Upper Graptolith Shales inclusive (Forchammer 1835).It is only with Johnstrup that there begins a more comprehensive investigation of the fossiliferous Cambra-Silurian and an attempt at a more exact division of it on a palaeontological basis, on the lines of the stratigraphical surveys that were started at the same time in Scania (Johnstrup 1891).But we obtain no closer knowledge of the stratigraphy and fossil contents of this series until Grönwall and later Poulsen complete their investigations (Grönwall 1902, Poulsen 1923). Both authors, it is true, describe a number of characteristic features of the rocks, but hitherto there has been no systematic petrographical examination of them; and as the present investigation has been able to elucidate still more peculiarities in the development of the series, a more detailed description of the various localities will be necessary.
The aim of this article is to provide essential information for hepatologists, who primarily care for adults, regarding liver-based inborn errors of metabolism with particular reference to those that may be treatable with liver transplantation and to provide adequate references for more in-depth study should one of these disease states be encountered. Liver Transpl 14:391-411, 2008.
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