Electrofluorochromism has attracted great attention due to the intelligence optoelectronic and sensing applications. The intrinsically switchable fluorophores with high solid-state fluorescence are regarded as key for ideal electrofluorochromic materials. Here, we reported an AIE-active polyamide with diphenylamine and tetraphenylethylene units, showing high fluorescence quantum yield up to 69.1% for the solid polymer film and stable electrochemical cycling stability. The polyamide exhibited reversible color and emission switching even in hundreds of cycles, and the fluorescence on/off contrast ratio was determined up to 417, which is the highest value to our knowledge. Furthermore, as the response time is vital for the real-life applications, to speed up the response of electrofluorochromism, a porous polymer film was readily prepared through a facile method, notably exhibiting high fluorescence contrast, long-term stability and obviously improved response, due to the sharply increased surface area. Therefore, the AIE-functionalization combining the porous structure strategy will synergistically and dramatically improve the electrofluorochromic performance, which will also promote their practical applications in the near future.
Background: Hypoxia is a well-known factor in the promotion of apoptosis, which contributes to the development of numerous cardiac diseases, such as heart failure and myocardial infarction. Inhibiting apoptosis is an important therapeutic strategy for the treatment of related heart diseases caused by ischemia/hypoxic injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that BAG3 plays an important role in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and survival. However, the role of BAG3 in hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis remains to be clarified. Here, we demonstrate that BAG3 is induced by hypoxia stimuli in cultured cardiomyocytes. Methods: BAG3 expression level was measured in H9c2 cells treated with hypoxia for 48 h. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were tested using MTT assay and Annexin V FITC-PI staining assay, respectively. The mRNA or protein expression level of BAG3, LC3-I, LC3-II, Atg5, NF-κB p65 and phosphorylated NF-κB p65 were assessed by qRT-PCR and western blot assay, respectively. Resluts: Overexpression of BAG3 inhibited cell apoptosis and promoted proliferation in hypoxia-injured H9c2 cells. Furthermore, autophagy and NF-κB were activated by BAG3 overexpression, and the NF-κB inhibitor PDTC could inhibit the activation of autophagy induced by BAG3 overexpression. In addition, the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA partly impeded the inhibitory effect of BAG3 on hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Conclusion: these results suggested that overexpression of BAG3 promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis by activating autophagy though the NF-κB signaling pathway in hypoxia-injured cardiomyocytes.
Electrofluorochromic (EFC) materials
have aroused great interest
owing to their interesting ability of tuning fluorescence in response
to the applied potential. However, some crucial characteristics, such
as response speed, fluorescence contrast, and switching stability,
are still not well realized to meet the requirements of practical
applications. Herein, we designed and synthesized a novel polyamide-bearing
aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active tetraphenylethylene (TPE)
and a highly conjugated triphenylamine (TPA) pendant group. The rational
combination of the highly conjugated TPA and TPE caused the resultant
polymer to exhibit highly integrated electrochromic (EC) and EFC performances
including multiple color-changing (colorless to green to blue), fast
response speed (1.8/1.1 s for EC and 0.4/2.9 s for EFC process), high
fluorescence contrast (82 at the duration time of 20 s), and excellent
long-term stability over 300 cycles. The strategy of AIE functionality
by combing a highly conjugated redox unit demonstrates a synergistic
effect to prepare high-performance emission/color dual-switchable
materials, greatly promoting their applications in sensors, smart
windows, and displays.
Electrochromic
(EC)/electrofluorochromic (EFC) bifunctional materials
are receiving great attention because of their promising applications
in optoelectronic devices. However, the development of ideal EC/EFC
bifunctional materials is still a great challenge because of the poor
integration of EC/EFC performances (optical contrast, response speed,
and switching stability). Herein, we reported two novel diphenylamine-based
mixed valence (MV) polyamides (S-HPA and P-HPA) with spirobifluorene
(2,7-positions) and pyrene (1,6-positions) as bridged fluorescence
units, respectively, showing impressive cyclability and fluorescence
contrast with rapid switching. Through the formation of an effective
electronic coupling between the two nitrogen centers using spirobifluorene/pyrene
bridges, we demonstrated that different bridges have significant effects
on the thermal and electrooptical characteristics of polyamides. In
addition to lower fluorescence quantum yield and glass transition
temperature, the S-HPA exhibited superior cyclability (contrast change
<3.4%/14% over 500/300 cycles for EC/EFC switching), higher color/fluorescence
contrast (64%/304%), and faster switching time (<2.6 s), mainly
owing to the shorter conjugated length and more twisted configuration
of the spirobifluorene bridge. The design principle of MV polymers
with fluorophore bridges proposed here will be a promising way to
realize high-performance EC/EFC devices and will also provide new
insights into their future development and applications.
Electrofluorochromic
(EFC) materials have gained extensive attention
owing to their interesting modulations of fluorescence by an electric
stimulus. However, the limited performances, especially the low fluorescence
on/off contrast, significantly hampered their further applications.
Herein, we design a new strategy to achieve high-contrast electrofluorochromism
by combinations of “colorless-to-black” electrochromism
and highly fluorescent AIE activity. Given the effective fluorescence
quenching effect and high solid-state fluorescence, a fluorescence
contrast of 838 is realized, to the best of our knowledge, the highest
reported so far. Furthermore, to explore the structure–property
relationships, we also separated the E/Z isomers of tetraphenylethylene
(TPE) and studied the properties of the three electroactive/fluorescent
polymers (11TPE-PA, E-12TPE-PA, and Z-12TPE-PA) derived from different
TPE derivatives and isomers. The three branches of polymers all exhibited
AIE-active and “colorless-to-black” electrochromic (EC)
properties. In addition to the ultrahigh fluorescence contrast, Z-12TPE-PA
also integrated high electrochromic contrast (Δ% T = 92%), short response time (0.6 s/0.3 s), and excellent switching
stability (300 cycles), paving the way for the applications in various
electronic applications. The study will provide novel insights into
the future design and development of high-performance EC/EFC materials.
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