We examine the relation between carbon disclosure and the cost of capital and explore a potential benefit associated with carbon disclosure: a reduction in firm's cost of capital. Employing a sample of U.S. S&P 500 corporations that present their CDP reporting on the websites of CDP organization, we find that the cost of capital is significantly negative associated with carbon disclosure. However, the negative relation can be mitigated among the firms with superior carbon performance. We also find that the level of carbon disclosure is higher among poor carbon performers than good carbon performers, which can provide some preliminary evidences for legitimacy theory. Our results provide evidence on the rationales behind and the consequences of the recent trend in voluntary carbon disclosure.
A new method to predict the seed vigor of rice was developed to control adulteration during the seed trading process and to address the deficiencies of traditional manual detection methods. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) technique was used to detect the vigor of rice seeds. Four varieties (Beijing-1, Qianchonglang-2, Yanfeng-47 and Shennong-265) of rice seeds from the Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University were chosen for the experiment. The transverse relaxation time T 2 , T 21 and T 22 were observed in the experiment. The peak start time of free water (transverse relaxation time T 22 ), signal amplitude of bound water (transverse relaxation time T 21 ), and moisture content decreased with the decrease in the vigor of the seeds. There were no obvious trends observed for the top of the peak and the end point of the transverse relaxation time T 22 . In addition, the start, top, and end time of the peak (transverse relaxation time T 21 ), and the signal amplitude of bound water showed no consistent changes. The results indicated that LF-NMR could be used as a method to distinguish the vigor of rice seeds rapidly. This study provided theoretical basis and technical support for the rapid detection of rice seed vigor.
For the operational subway tunnel, the manual inspection accounts for the majority in terms of detecting the diseases and damage of tunnel. The accuracy of manual inspection mainly depends on the professional level of the detection personnel, and the whole detection process always is inefficient, which cannot meet the needs of actual tunnels. To address this issue, the intelligent mobile tunnel detection vehicle emerges as the times require. By using advanced technologies such as laser scanning and high-speed camera array, the subway tunnel detection vehicle has achieved the advantages of simple operation, comprehensive function and automatic detection. However, the current subway tunnel detection vehicle mainly realizes the scanning detection of tunnel surface diseases, and the detection of tunnel structural diseases is less involved. Based on the track and tunnel detection requirements, this study analyzes the current situation and existing problems of subway tunnel detection comprehensively, puts forward the development direction of tunnel structure detection, and the application prospect of intelligent detection vehicle in subway tunnel is prospected.
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