Morphological analysis of the digestive tract of Sphoeroides testudineus showed an esophagus with an anterior and a posterior portion, the abdominal pouch. No stomach was observed between the abdominal pouch and the intestine. The intestine was arranged in three segments and two loops, and the distal portion had the rectum opening into the anus. Histochemical analyses showed that the esophagus secreted acid mucosecretions, and that there was a qualitative increase in goblet cells from the proximal to distal area of the intestine. The rectum showed cells secreting acid and neutral mucus. Given these features, this species presents a morphology which creates a link between its ecology and behavior.
and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were evaluated in all seasons. The histological analysis of the gonads showed that L. surinamensis is a multiple spawner with an asynchronous oocyte development. The gene expression of fshβ did not change throughout the reproductive cycle in males and females, while the gene expression of lhβ in males was higher in the summer compared to the autumn/winter periods. Plasma E 2 was higher in females and 11-KT in males during spring. Gonadal development, plasma level of E 2 (females), and 11-KT (males) are indicators that L. surinamensis reproduce during the spring and summer in Paraty Bay, while the gene expression levels of gonadotropins in females and fshβ in males were not useful physiological tools to establish the reproductive season. The results suggest an active expression throughout the year, a profile expected in multiple spawning species, as proposed here for the L. surinamensis.
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