Wound microenvironment with excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) can significantly inhibit wound healing. Encouraged by hydrogen molecules (H 2 ) with effective ROS scavenging and calcium hydride (CaH 2 ) with sufficient H 2 supply, the authors for the first time employed CaH 2 as a therapeutic H 2 donor and starch as a diluent to construct CaH 2 pulvis dressing for wound healing treatment. It has been found that CaH 2 by generating H 2 exhibited excellent ROS scavenging performance, favorable for preserving the oxidative-stress-induced cell death. After being applied onto the skin wound, the CaH 2 pulvis dressing with the unique ROS-scavenging ability can accelerate skin wound healing in healthy/diabetic mice (small animal models) and Bama mini-pigs (large animal model). Such CaH 2 dressing can release H 2 to relieve the inflammation levels, decrease the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increase the infiltration of inflammation-suppressive immune cells, and promote the regeneration of new blood vessels and collagens, thereby accelerating wound healing. This work highlighted that the integration of anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation functions based on CaH 2 dressing endowed it with a promising possibility for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
It is generally accepted that leaf litter covers seeds, which may be beneficial for their survival, but it is unclear whether leaf litter contributes in different ways to the survival of plant seeds with contrasting sizes. In this study, we examined the effect of different levels of leaf litter coverage on seed predation and foraging/caching for small-seeded Pinus tabulaeformis and large-seeded Pinus armandii in the Qinling Mountains, China. Our results showed that leaf litter failed to protect P. armandii seeds from being removed by small rodents, whereas it improved seed survival for P. tabulaeformis. P. tabulaeformis were eaten in situ, whereas more P. armandii seeds were eaten in the high leaf litter coverage plots. Therefore, we propose that leaf litter affects the survival and predation rates for large and small Pinus seeds in the Qinling Mountains, China.
The Songshan region is the core area of Huaxia culture. As an important part of urban characteristics, the Songshan region’s historical architectural heritage is of great significance in sustainable development aspects such as the natural environment, social culture, and so on. The purpose of this study is to clarify the influencing factors of the spatial and temporal distribution of historical buildings in the Songshan region, explore more reasonable conservation and renewal strategies of historical building spaces, and consequently form an effective design method to protect and inherit the historical cultural landscape. Based on the ArcGIS10.6 spatial analysis method, this study simulated the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of historical buildings in the Songshan region, and analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics by geographic information system and mathematical statistics. On this basis, the integration of natural elements and social elements has been realized to explore the key factors affecting the distribution of historical buildings in this region. The main results are as follows: (1) the distribution of historical buildings in the Songshan region is not balanced as a whole and has the characteristics of cluster distribution, forming two extremely high-density areas in Luoyang City and Dengfeng City; (2) the overall distribution direction of historical buildings is northwest to southeast, and the distribution center is near Mount Song; (3) natural environmental factors such as topography, landforms, and water systems to which historical buildings belong, as well as the historical layers of the ancient city and the concept of “the Center of Heaven and Earth”, are the main factors affecting the spatial and temporal distribution of historical buildings in the Songshan region.
The functional role of pits between living and dead cells has been inferred from anatomical studies but amassing physiological evidence has been challenging. Centrifugation methods were used to strip water from xylem conduits, permitting a more quantitative gravimetric determination of the water and solid contents of cell walls than is possible by more traditional methods. Quantitative anatomical evidence was used to evaluate the water volume in xylem conduits and the water content of living cells. Quantitative perfusion of stems with polyethylene glycol of different molecular weight was used to determine the solute-free space. We measured the portioning of water and solute-free space among anatomical components in stems and demonstrated that lignin impeded the free movement of solutes with molecular weight >300. Hence, movement of large solutes from living cells to xylem conduits is necessarily confined to pit structures that permit transmembrane solute transport via primary walls without lignin. The functional role of pits was additionally indicated by combining data in this paper with previous studies of unusual osmotic relationships in woody species that lack pits between dead wood fibers and vessels. The absence of pits, combined with the evidence of exclusion of solutes of molecular weight >300, explains the unexpected osmotic properties.
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