Data on vascular plants of boreal lakes in Finland were used to compare the e¤ciency of reserve selection methods in representing four aspects of biodiversity over a 63 year period. These aspects included species richness, phylogenetic diversity, restricted range diversity and threatened species. Our results show that the e¤ciency of reserve selection methods depends on the selection criteria used and on the aspect of biodiversity under consideration. Heuristic methods and optimizing algorithms were nearly equally e¤cient in selecting lake networks over a small geographical range. In addition, a scoring procedure was observed to be e¤cient in maintaining di¡erent aspects of biodiversity over time. However, the random selection of lakes seems to be the most ine¤cient option for a reserve network. In general, reserve selection methods seem to favour lakes that maximize one aspect of diversity at the time of selection, but the network may not be the best option for maintaining the maximum diversity over time. The reserve selection methods do a¡ect the long-term outcome but it is impossible to recommend one method over the others unequivocally.
If hot spots for different taxa coincide, priority-setting surveys in a region could be carried out more cheaply by focusing on indicator taxa. Several previous studies show that hot spots of different taxa rarely coincide. However, in tropical areas indicator taxa may be used in selecting complementary networks to represent biodiversity as a whole. We studied beetles (Coleoptera), Heteroptera, polypores or bracket fungi (Polyporaceae) and vascular plants of old growth boreal taiga forests. Optimal networks for Heteroptera maximized the high overall species richness of beetles and vascular plants, but these networks were least favourable options for polypores. Polypores are an important group indicating the conservation value of old growth taiga forests. Random selection provided a better option. Thus, certain groups may function as good indicators for maximizing the overall species richness of some taxonomic groups, but all taxa should be examined separately.
Summary 0[ This study on vascular plant species of boreal spruce and pine mires concentrated on two geometrical principles] whether single large or several small "SLOSS# reserves contain more species and whether patch shape should be as nearly circular as possible[ 1[ SLOSS and patch shape have usually been tested by using species richness[ Only a few studies have taken the rarity of species into account\ and taxonomic diversity has never been used[ In our study\ all three of these factors were used[ 2[ Our results showed that the number of species was not related to the spruce mire size\ but it increased in relation to the pine mire size[ In contrast\ the rarity score increased in relation to the area of spruce mires\ but it was not related to the area of pine mires[ Taxonomic diversity was not related to size in the case of spruce mires\ but it increased with pine mires[ 3[ The SLOSS comparison showed that several small mires contained more vascular plant species than a large one of equal size[ Several small mires also had higher rarity scores and taxonomic diversity than a single large mire[ The number of species\ rarity score and taxonomic diversity increased in relation to the number of small mires in a group[ The same results were obtained with both spruce and pine mires[ 4[ Species richness\ rarity score and taxonomic diversity were not related to mire shape[ The results did not depend on the mire type[ Key!words] boreal mires\ mire size\ nature conservation\ patch shape\ SLOSS[ Journal of Applied Ecology "0887# 24\ 699Ð696
Species inimigriilion, extinction and turnover of vascular plants in boreal hikes. Ecography 22: 240-245.Dierated by limited resource availability for land acquisition, a central question in conservation biology is the ability of areas of different size to maintain species diversity. The selected reserves should not only be species rich ai the moment, but should also maintain speeies diversity in the long run. We used two sets of data on vascular plant species in boreal lakes colleeied in 1933/34 and 1996 to test the relationships between lake area and the extinction, immigration and turnover rates of the species. Moreover, we investigated, whether the number of speeies in 1933/34 or water eoiineclion between lakes was related to extinction, immigratioti and turnover rates of species. We found that lake area or shoreline length was not correlated with immigratioti or turnover rale. But extinction rate was slightly negatively correlated with shoreline length. The original tiumbcr of speeies was positively related to the number of species extinctions and to the absolute turnover rate in the lakes, which indicates that speeies riehness does not create stability in these commutiities. Speeies number was not correlated with immigration rate. Upstream water connections in the lakes did not affect immigration, extinction or turnover rates. We conclude that length of the shoreline is a better measure of suitable area for water plants than the lake area, and that because the correlation between shoreline length and extinction rate was slight, also small lakes can be valuable for conservation. 7". Virola (leiviro@silmu.jyu.fi), V. Kailala. M. Kuilum-n. A.
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