We here propose a new method to analyze the thermo-electro-mechanical instability of dielectric elastomers. The equilibrium equations in this thermodynamic system at different temperatures are initially established. We then obtained the critical nominal electric field and the critical stretch under various mechanical and thermal loads, involving the effects of different stretch regimes on the system stability, i.e. the equal-biaxial stretch, the unequal-biaxial stretch and the thickness elongation. Finally, numerical results showed that as the temperature increases, the critical nominal electric field and the stretch of the dielectric elastomer are strengthened, which consequently stabilize the system. The results provide guidance to the design and synthesis of dielectric elastomer-based devices, especially for those operating at various temperatures.
The heat flux sensors composed of inclined epitaxial La1−xCaxMnO3 (LCMO) films have been fabricated on c-axis miscut SrTiO3 (001) single crystal substrates. Based on the transverse thermoelectric (TTE) effect originated from the anisotropic Seebeck coefficient between ab-plane and c-axis of LCMO films, the obvious response voltages perpendicular to the temperature gradient are detected, and their amplitudes show good linearity with heat fluxes. The sensitivities of heat flux sensors are 8.64, 11.88, 12.66, and 14.25 μV/(kW/m2) for LCMO films with inclined 12°, 18°, 20°, and 24°, respectively. Additionally, the response frequency of the sensor reaches ∼300 kHz at −3 dB, which is comparable with the reported TTE heat flux sensors composed of YBa2Cu3O7-δ. The above results demonstrate the potential of the LCMO-based TTE heat flux sensors in high-frequency heat flux measurement.
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