This article examines UK University Vice Chancellors (VC) pay awards. The empirical analysis, covering the period 1997–2002, evaluates the impact upon VC pay awards of university performance measures, internal pay comparisons and two external pay comparisons, that is, the pay of other VCs and the pay of chief executive officers (CEOs) leading comparable‐sized UK firms. For the total sample, we find no evidence that VC pay awards are related to any of the performance measures, although for the pre‐ and post‐1992 subsamples there is some evidence that pay awards are related to some ‘mission‐relevant’ performance measures. All the analyses show a positive relationship between changes in the proportion of other highly paid employees and VC pay awards, which suggests that internal pay comparisons play an important role in remuneration committee decision making. As anticipated, the two external pay benchmarks have very different effects upon VC pay awards; the pay received by other VCs produces a marked ‘mean reversion’ in pay levels while the pay of CEOs running comparable‐sized UK firms had a highly significant positive impact upon VC pay awards. Following the insights of institutional theory, we interpret this conservatism by university remuneration committees as stemming primarily from legitimation concerns rather than financial constraints.
Risks associated with international investments such as the foreign exchange (FX) exposure have recently gained increasing attention, especially those originating from the liquidity conditions of the FX market after the financial crisis of 2007-2008. This paper investigates whether hedge funds time the liquidity in the FX market and to what extent this contributes to their investment returns. This paper focuses on hedge funds that invest globally and transact in the FX market. Our findings, which are statistically robust, show the liquidity timing abilities of these hedge funds may be attributed to their investing styles and the types of assets they manage, where a stronger liquidity timing ability may be demanded of the systematic futures hedge funds to cushion against the exposure underlying the foreign assets.
Kai-Hong Tee Loughborough University Business School, Loughborough le11 3tu Data envelopment analysis (dea) is attractive for comparing investment funds because it handles different characteristics of fund distribution and gives a way to rank funds. There is substantial literature applying dea to funds, based on the time series of funds' returns. This article looks at the issue of uncertainty in the resulting dea efficiency estimates, investigating consistency and bias. It uses the bootstrap to develop stochastic dea models for funds, derive confidence intervals and develop techniques to compare and rank funds and represent the ranking. It investigates how to deal with autocorrelation in the time series and considers models that deal with correlation in the funds' returns. data envelopment analysis, bootstrap, investment fund, rank, bias
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.