The present study describes the preparation of CaCO 3 -loaded cellulose aerogel and evaluation of its adsorptive removal of Congo Red (CR) from aqueous solution. The CaCO 3 -cellulose aerogel was produced via in situ precipitation of CaCO 3 into asprepared cellulose aerogel, which was prepared by freeze-drying a crosslinked cellulose solution that was dissolved using a NaOH/urea solution. The particles that formed in the aerogel were confirmed to be calcite CaCO 3 . Adsorption studies illustrated that the CR uptake by the aerogel was dependent on the dye concentration and temperature. Incorporation of CaCO 3 into the cellulose aerogel significantly enhanced the adsorption capacity of the aerogel toward CR. The maximum adsorption capacity of the CaCO 3 -cellulose aerogel was approximately 75.81 mg/g.
providing a faster rate of diVusion, particle rearrangement (or dissolution), pore removal and higher rates of densi cation, Compaction, eVect of ball milling, vaccum sintering, therefore enabling the use of lower sintering temperatures microstructures, volume shrinkage, interconnected and times. So far, two types of 'enhanced liquid phase porosity, thermal reactions and mechanical properties sintering' have been empirically recognised:1,2 'super solidus of 316L stainless steel with and without additions of liquid phase sintering' during which a liquid phase is elemental silicon have been investigated. It was found formed by heating the alloy above its normal solidus that the silicon addition enhanced the sintering process temperature and 'activated liquid phase sintering' where a by providing a series of liquid phase reactions with liquid phase (which can be transient) forms by a chemical the base powder which took place at temperatures reaction between the main powder and an additive to this below their melting points and the normal solidus powder. Super solidus liquid phase sintering can only occur range for stainless steels. DiVerential thermal analysis in alloys such as 316L stainless steels at temperatures above con rmed formation of liquid phases at three diVerent 1400°C, which is of little commercial interest, whereas temperatures which are believed to be responsible for activated liquid phase sintering is possible at acceptable the enhanced sintering process. The rst two appeared temperatures through the addition of a number of diVerent at ~1060 and 1155°C by two exothermic peaks and additives including copper, nickel, phosphorous, silicon, tin the third one at ~1190°C by an endothermic peak.and more recently boron.3 The ball milling operation provided higher green and Silicon was chosen for this work since it has been found sintered densities resulting in better mechanical to provide a kind of eutectic liquid activating the sintering properties due to less agglomorations with ner and process in stainless steels.4-9 Wang and Su4 added Si in much more uniform particle size distribution. Sintered densities of up to 7•44 g cm -3 with tensile strength various quantities to 304L stainless steel and found that of 482 MPa, hardness value of 153 HV10 and 15%Si profoundly activated the sintering process through the elongation were obtained with ball milled plus formation of a eutectic liquid. They also reported5 improved 3 wt-%Si addition. Low levels of interconnected mechanical properties, especially hardness and tensile strength, porosities (~4%) were recorded within the temperafor the silicon rich materials. Shaw and Honeycombe6 ture range 1250-1300°C suggesting the possibility of determined the eVect of the presence of the a-phase (ferrite) good corrosion resistance.at the sintering temperature on the sintering kinetics of The sintered microstructures consisted of ferrite 316L+ Si mixture. They found that sintering density and austenite (duplex structure), complex silicide and increased linearly with ferrite ...
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