Resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices with analog resistive switching are expected to be beneficial for neuromorphic applications, and consecutive voltage sweeps or pulses can be applied to change the device conductance and behave synaptic characteristics. In this paper, RRAM devices with a reverse stacking order of 6-nm-thick HfO x and 2-nm-thick AlO x dielectric films were fabricated. The device with TiN/Ti/AlO x /HfO x /TiN stacked layers exhibited digital resistive switching, while the other device with TiN/Ti/HfO x /AlO x /TiN stacked layers could demonstrate synaptic characteristics that were analog set and reset processes under consecutive positive and negative voltage sweeps or a train of potentiation and depression pulses. Moreover, this device could also implement synaptic learning rules, spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). Varying temperature measurements and linear fittings of the measured data were conducted to analyze current conduction mechanisms. As a result, the variation of resistive switching behavior between these two devices is attributed to the varying effectiveness of the oxygen scavenging ability of the Ti layer when put into contact with either AlO x or HfO x . Moreover, AlO x functioned as a diffusion limiting layer (DLL) in the device with TiN/Ti/HfO x /AlO x /TiN stacked layers, and gradual modulation of the production and annihilation of oxygen vacancies is the cause of synaptic characteristics.INDEX TERMS Resistive random access memory (RRAM), bilayered dielectric films, synaptic characteristics, diffusion limiting layer (DLL), conductive filament (CF), spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP).

Manufacturing industries are gradually changing to green production due to the increasing production cost. Reducing tool wear in production can not only decrease production cost but also the effect the environment. Thus, it becomes a crucial issue for the machining industry. This study investigates the optimal machining parameters for the computer numerical controlled turning process of S45C steel in minimizing tool wear. The correlation between control parameters (speed, cutting depth, and feed rate) and production quality were constructed by using semantic rules and fuzzy quantification. The Taguchi method was additionally employed to determine the optimal turning parameters. Under the consideration of environmental protection and tool cost, the optimal machining parameters were furthermore derived from the fuzzy semantic rules. The practicability of the optimal parameters was moreover verified through turning experiments. It is found that the proposed method in this study is appropriate and applicable to universal applications.

While there is a decline in the annual population of Taiwan, the number of crams schools in the supplementary education industry is increasing. A concern is that there are not enough students to go around. Cram schools are facing a difficult situation to survive in the industry. Therefore, a great and useful leadership method is needed to help leaders lead their faculty members and organizations so that they can survive and even grow in this white-hot industry. In this study, 400 New Taipei City cram school faculties were invited to be the research objects to study the influences of transformational leadership, transactional leadership, and patriarchal leadership on job satisfaction. This study adopted the method of intentional sampling to conduct a questionnaire survey. After collecting data, SPSS12.0 software was used to analyze the descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, description of statistics, t-test method of single factor analysis of variance, and regression. As a result of this research, the employees under transformational leadership have a larger positive result on outer job satisfaction while patriarchal leadership has positive influences on inner job satisfaction. Encouraging subordinates with positive responses, inspiring speeches, and compliments could make subordinates satisfied with the company and interaction with colleagues, while teaching subordinates behavior sets up a moral and authorized style and controlling the organization directly could let subordinates get a sense of accomplishment from work. This study is aimed to provide suggestions and references for the cram schools’ leaders to change their leadership styles and improve their employees’ job satisfaction. Cram schools that take the suggestions and references could improve their working environment and become more competitive in the education industry.

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Post-metal annealing (PMA) has been adopted to reduce the operation voltages of HfOx-based resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices, especially the forming voltage (VForming). TiN/Ti/HfOx/TiN stack structures were fabricated and annealed via rapid thermal annealing (RTA) and furnace annealing (FA) to investigate the annealing effects. The result of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicates that the distribution of oxygen towards the interposing Ti layer increases after the annealing process, which facilitates the formation of conductive filaments in the dielectric layer. As a result, VForming can be decreased from 4.60 to 3.24 and 3.36 V via RTA for 30 s at 400 °C and via FA for 60 min at 300 °C, respectively, as compared with that without PMA. However, the VForming of the device annealed via FA for 60 min at 400 °C was higher than that at 300 °C. This turn-around phenomenon of the forming voltages of RRAM devices annealed via FA was found. It was attributed to the conversion of the interposing Ti layer into a highly resistive TiO2 film.

With the development of manufacturing technology and strict international environmental regulations, green production has become an imperative research topic in the manufacturing industry. Because cutting is affected by several factors, the development of green processes is vital for automated cutting using machines. These factors are often subjective and are set up merely based on the manual and experience of engineers, reducing tool life and deteriorating tool precision; ultimately, this approach increases production costs and reduces production efficiency. Moreover, the ecological environment can be seriously affected. Furthermore, the parameters must be adjusted according to variations in the processing state, which is a considerable drawback for the automated cutting industry. In this study, we investigated the precision computerized numerical-controlled cutting process as an example. We first assessed the literature and investigated tool wear and cutting noise as quality standards for green computerized numerical-controlled cutting. The cutting depth, cutting speed, feed rate, and the tip of the center were selected as control parameters. The consistency of the results was verified through an expert questionnaire conducted using analytic hierarchy process, and the weighted values of the control parameters were obtained. Simultaneously, seven environmental efficiency elements of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development and TRIZ 39 engineering parameters of the CSI project were used to establish the engineering parameters for the green production design. Furthermore, 40 inventive principles from a contradiction matrix were used to design an optimization strategy to develop and verify an innovation strategy of singular quality. Finally, the experimental results revealed that implementing the analytic hierarchy process coupled with the TRIZ innovative thinking mode and green production concept enables enterprises to reduce their consumption of raw materials and waste production during the design process. This approach effectively reduces the burden on the environment and thus facilitates industry competitiveness and sustainability.

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Under the strict restrictions of international environmental regulations, how to reduce environmental hazards at the production stage has become an important issue in the practice of automated production. The precision computerized numerical-controlled (CNC) cutting process was chosen as an example of this, while tool wear and cutting noise were chosen as the research objectives of CNC cutting quality. The effects of quality optimizing were verified using the depth of cut, cutting speed, feed rate, and tool nose runoff as control parameters and actual cutting on a CNC lathe was performed. Further, the relationships between Fuzzy theory and control parameters as well as quality objectives were used to define semantic rules to perform fuzzy quantification. The quantified output value was introduced into game theory to carry out the multi-quality bargaining game. Through the statistics of strategic probability, the strategy with the highest total probability was selected to obtain the optimum plan of multi-quality and multi-strategy. Under the multi-quality optimum parameter combination, the tool wear and cutting noise, compared to the parameter combination recommended by the cutting manual, was reduced by 23% and 1%, respectively. This research can indeed ameliorate the multi-quality cutting problem. The results of the research provided the technicians with a set of all-purpose economic prospective parameter analysis methods in the manufacturing process to enhance the international competitiveness of the automated CNC industry.