Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is a well-known molecular marker that extensively applied to the genetic diversity analysis among species in the populations. Here, this marker was utilized in Katokkon pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.), a highland pepper and having unique characteristics cultivated in specific regions (Tana Toraja and North Toraja), on preliminary primer screening using 30 RAPD primer pairs. A total of eight primers (OPA-02, OPAE-11, OPG-09, M-29, OPP-08, OPG-19, OPZ-05, and OPD-20) could produce polymorphic bands on twelve randomly selected DNA samples. OPA-02, OPP-08, OPG-19, OPZ-05, and OPD-20 generated polymorphic bands on all twelve evaluated samples, yet OPZ-05 was excluded in further analysis due to producing unclear bands. Clear and polymorphic bands were formed by OPAE-11 on eleven samples, whilst OPG-09 and M-29 only produced bands on ten samples. The primers are suitable to be used for amplifying DNA and determining the genetic diversity of Katokkon pepper in further analyses.
Global warming is very closely related to carbon stored in an ecosystem. This research aimed to determine the amount of carbon storage in cocoa plantations in East Luwu Regency. The research was carried out in cacao plantation in three districts namely Burau, Wotu and Mangkutana. Measurement of carbon storage was conducted using the allometric formula on an observation plot of 200 m2. Six sampling points were selected consisted of four location with shading trees planted in multistrata agroforestry planting system and two locations with a monoculture planting system. The results of measurements on cocoa plants show that carbon storage increased with the variety of plant species that exist in the cocoa farm. The size of the carbon stocks depends on the planting system. Cacao plantation with multistrata shades system showed carbon absorption of 148.92 tons/Ha that was greater than the amount of carbon absorption in cocoa plantation with monoculture shades system of 50.24 tons/Ha. The level of carbon uptake in East Luwu Regency is 33.19 tons C/Ha. The amount of carbon emissions absorbed is 57.46 t/Ha. CO2 content with the composition of existing land cover in East Luwu Regency is 121.81 tons CO2/Ha.
Cocoa plantations have ecological functions as carbon sinks and depositors. Cocoa absorbs CO2 during photosynthesis, then converts it to carbohydrates by storing it in the form of biomass in roots, trees, and leaves. The purpose of this study was to determine the carbon uptake of cocoa trees and tree growers, undergrowth, necromasses, carbon uptake at the root and carbon uptake in soils in several cocoa planting systems implemented in Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi. Sampling is done by a purposive sampling method with the basic consideration of the type, density and cropping system applied. Biomass estimation is used the non-destructive method by measuring the diameter at breast height (DBH, 1.3 m) and height of cacao and shade plants. Carbon storage in cocoa plants is distinguished by several cropping systems, namely K1 (monoculture harvesters) and K2 (multistrata harvesters). The results showed that carbon reserves in Bantaeng Regency were 32.38 tons/Ha.
In an effort to control carbon emissions in the air, steps taken are improving forest vegetation and protecting natural forest vegetation as the biggest absorber of carbon gas emissions. Cocoa as the largest plantation crop in Indonesia is expected to be able to absorb CO2 gas emissions in the air due to its ability to absorb carbon. A carbon analysis study was carried out on cacao plantation to determine the level of carbon uptake in each cropping system in South Sulawesi. Hence, the results of the analysis can be a reference in climate change mitigation efforts. Three regencies, each with 3 districts were selected as study locations, namely East Luwu Regency (Burau, Wotu and Mumpangana Districts), Pinrang Regency (Patampanua, Batulappa and Lembang Districts), and Bantaeng Regency (Gantarangkeke, Tompobulu, and Eremerasa Districts). Carbon stored measurements was conducted using allometric formula. Measurements were carried out on 200 m2 observation plot. Results show that carbon sequestration levels were 33.19 tons C/Ha, 25.52 tons C/Ha, 32.07 tons C/Ha in East Luwu, Pinrang and Bantaeng regencies, respectively. The amount of carbon emissions absorbed in East Luwu Regency was 57.46 t/Ha, Pinrang Regency 67.12 t/Ha, and Bantaeng Regency 60.07 t/Ha. The CO2 content based on the composition of land cover in East Luwu Regency was 121.81 tons CO2/Ha, Pinrang Regency 93.69 tons CO2/Ha, and Bantaeng Regency 117.70 tons CO2/Ha.
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