This work presents construction and leakage detection of dome-type biogas digester. The constructed biogas digester with local materials is rated at 10m3 capacity. The biogas digester foundation, cylindrical wall and dome vault were about 10 cm thick and made of high strength concrete in kilogram at ratio of cement, sharp sand and aggregate of 12 mm size as 111:1:1.2. The constructed biogas digester was pressure tested by using liquid manometer. The pressure gauge level difference of 48 cm (4.7 KN/m2) was obtained, which later dropped to less than 20 cm (1.96 KN/m2)indicating presence of leakage in the biogas digester. Cracks in the biogas digester were located after a careful examination at the cylindrical wall and dome top, which were scaled and sealed with wet cement. The pressure test wasagain conducted and yielded pressure gauge level difference of 60 cm(5.88 KN/m2), without dropping for over 20 minutes, which implies no leakage in the biogas digester.
Improved cook stoves (ICS) are known to ensure efficiency in the use of traditional fuels, reduce smoke emission and associated health hazards during cooking and reduce cooking time. Another benefit of ICS is in mitigating the effects of climate change. This paper presents the thermal performance and achievable emission reductions by ICS for daily cooking in households aroundBauchi.It evaluatesan ICS using the International Workshop Agreement (IWA) which rates cook stoves on four indicators (Indoor emission, total emission, efficiency/fuel use and safety) each indicator is rated along five tiers (0: lowest performing to 4: highest performing).The evaluation focused on efficiency/fuel use. The benchmark values for thermal efficiency, fuel use and energy use are 35%, 0.310kg and 7928kJ.This shows that the ICS offers modest improvements in fuel use and it is rated as a tier 3 ICS. A carbon savings of can be achieved on an annual basis assuming all rural and urban households in Bauchi employ ICS for their daily cooking.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is an energy source that should not go untapped or unutilized. The waste must be properly utilized through combustion, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas acquisition, as it represents material and energy content. This will reduce the effects of global warming, which is as a result of high concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases (GHGs), in the atmosphere. This chapter focuses on the technologies for solid waste management and the thermodynamics involved in the process for sustainable and cleaner energy. The equations presented represent the thermal efficiency, conversion efficiencies, as well as possible work that can be derived from a power plant utilizing MSW as fuel. It is important that countries in Sub-Saharan Africa vigorously pursue sustainable waste management technologies, especially recycling and landfilling, while exploring and investing in waste-to-energy technologies that will perform optimally using the composition of the waste in Sub-Saharan Africa in the design of the waste-to-energy technology.
The rates of reduction in chlorophyll and nutrients such as nitrogen, calcium and iron with the distance or range of source of Magnetic Field (MF) had not been considered. In this work, patterns of damage or reduction caused by a magnetic field on two different species of vegetables were studied. The first group was planted in an environment without the influence of MF, while the second group was subjected to high MF under the 330 kV electric lines. The magnetometer was used to measure the MF intensities. The chlorophyll content of each vegetable sample was determined on the field with a portable chlorophyll meter. The dried harvested samples of two different vegetable species were analyzed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) to assess the concentrations of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), and iron (Fe) in the samples. Results of elemental concentrations were subjected to statistical analysis to appraise the relationships between the measured variables as responses to high MF. It was observed that the effects of high MF are stronger on spinach vegetable than Lagos spinach. This suggested that the effects of MF on plants are not only MF intensity dependent, but also species-dependent.
Keywords: Magnetic field; Exposure; Regression analysis; Power transmission; Chlorophyll; Iron
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