O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade produtiva de genótipos de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata) de porte semiprostrado. Foram avaliados 20 genótipos de feijão-caupi com uso do modelo de efeitos aditivos principais e interação multiplicativa (AMMI) com genótipo e ambiente suplementares. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em nove ambientes (Balsas, MA, 2010; Balsas, MA, 2011; Bom Jesus, PI, 2010; Bom Jesus, PI, 2011; São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, MA, 2010; São Raimundo das Mangabeiras, MA, 2011; São João do Piauí, PI, 2011; Campo Grande do Piauí, PI, 2011; Buriti, MA, 2011), da região Meio-Norte do Brasil, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com 20 tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os efeitos de genótipos, ambientes e da interação genótipo x ambiente foram significativos. Os genótipos diferiram quanto à adaptabilidade e à estabilidade da produtividade. A linhagem MNC03-736F-2 apresentou genes para adaptabilidade e estabilidade produtiva. Entre as cultivares avaliadas, BR 17-Gurguéia e Pingo-de-Ouro-1-2 são as mais previsíveis, e a BRS Xiquexique é a mais adaptada. Entre os locais de teste, Balsas, MA, é o mais adequado para a seleção de genótipos superiores em adaptabilidade e estabilidade produtiva.

Abstract

The GGE Biplot method is efficien to identify favorable genotypes and ideal environments for evaluation. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the genotype by environment interaction (G×E) and select elite lines of cowpea from genotypes, which are part of the cultivation and use value tests of the Embrapa Meio-Norte Breeding Program, for regions of the Brazilian Cerrado, by the GGE-Biplot method. The grain yield of 40 cowpea genotypes, 30 lines and 10 cultivars, was evaluated during three years (2010, 2011 and 2012) in three locations: Balsas (BAL), São Raimundo das Mangabeiras (SRM) and Primavera do Leste (PRL). The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and adjusted means were obtained to perform the GGE-Biplot analysis. The graphic results showed variation in the performance of the genotypes in the locations evaluated over the years. The performance of the lines MNC02-675F-4-9 and MNC02-675F-4-10 were considered ideal, with maximum yield and good stability in the locations evaluated. There mega-environments were formed, encompassing environments correlated positively. The lines MNC02-675F-4-9, MNC02-675F-9-3 and MNC02-701F-2 had the best performance within each mega-environment. The environment PRL10 and lines near this environment, such as MNC02-677F-2, MNC02-677F-5 and the control cultivar (BRS-Marataoã) could be classified as those of greater reliability, determined basically by the genotypic effects, with reduced G×E. Most of the environments evaluated were ideal for evaluation of G×E, since the genotypes were well discriminated on them. Therefore, the selection of genotypes with adaptability and superior performance for specific environments through the GGE-Biplot analysis was possible.

The development and enrichment of food are of great importance not only for the industry but also to improve the population's nutrition, where you can create new products or optimize existing ones. The consumption of fortified products in the diet is an option for the control of deficiency diseases. This study aimed to develop enriched cheese bread with whole biofortified cowpea flour and evaluate their acceptance and chemical composition. Two formulations, F1 and F2, were prepared containing 5.6 and 8% of cowpea flour as a substitute for starch, respectively. To check acceptance, three sensory tests were used (Hedonic Scale, Purchase Intent, and Paired Comparison), F1 being sensory viable according to assessors, being chemically analyzed. Minerals were determined by atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma source. The moisture was determined by drying at 105 °C, ash by calcination in muffle at 550 °C, proteins by the macro-Kjeldahl method, and lipids by hot extraction in a Soxhlet extractor. Carbohydrates were obtained by difference and the calories were calculated. The addition of cowpea increased the amounts of copper, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and zinc, as well as protein and carbohydrate values. On the other hand, there was a reduction of the moisture concerning lipids and the total caloric value compared to the standard formulation. It was concluded , therefore, that the cowpea, a regional raw material in market expansion is presented as an option for the enrichment of baked foods that do not contain gluten, such as cheese bread.Index terms: Bakery product; fortification; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. RESUMOO desenvolvimento e enriquecimento de alimentos têm grande importância não só para a indústria, como também para a melhoria da nutrição da população, onde se pode criar novos produtos ou otimizar os já existentes. O consumo de produtos enriquecidos na dieta representa uma opção para o controle das doenças carenciais. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se o desenvolvimento de pão de queijo enriquecido com farinha integral de feijão-caupi biofortificado e avaliar sua aceitação e composição química. Foram elaboradas duas formulações de pão de queijo, F1 e F2, contendo 5,6 e 8% de farinha de feijão-caupi em substituição ao polvilho, respectivamente. Para verificar a aceitação, utilizaram-se três testes sensoriais (Escala Hedônica, Intenção de Compra e Comparação Pareada), sendo a F1 viável, sensorialmente, de acordo com os assessores, sendo analisada quimicamente. Os minerais foram determinados por espectrometria de emissão atômica com fonte de plasma indutivamente acoplado. Determinou-se a umidade por secagem em estufa a 105 °C, cinzas por calcinação em mufla a 550 °C, proteínas pelo método macro-Kjeldahl e lipídios por extração a quente em extrator de Soxhlet. Os carboidratos foram obtidos por diferença e calculou-se o valor calórico. O acréscimo de feijão-caupi aumentou os teores de cobre, ferro, fósforo, magnésio, manganês e zinco, além dos valores referentes às proteínas...

Flour production through milling is an alternative for the cowpea processing, when the aim is to obtain a product with higher added value. The objective of this work was to determine the chemical composition, the granulometry, and evaluate the microbiological characteristics of whole-bean flours from five cowpea cultivars (BRS Cauamé, BRS Guariba, BRS Xiquexique, BRS Novaera and BRS Itaim). Cowpea beans were dried in a oven (Fanem, 320-SE) at 50 °C for 6 hours, milled in a cyclone-type rotor mill (Tecnal, TE-651/2) and, subsequently, in a pulverizer-type semi-industrial mill (Fritsch, Pulverisette 14) to obtain the flour. The flour centesimal composition, total energetic value, mineral content, granulometry, microbiological characteristics, and technological properties-flour water absorption and solubility in water-were analyzed. All analyzes were performed in triplicate and the results expressed in mean ± standard deviation. The means were compared by the Scott-Knott test (p ≤ 0.05). The flour centesimal composition presented (g per 100 g of flour): 7.13 to 10.33 of moisture, 2.06 to 3.65 of ashes, 1.53 g to 2.90 of lipids, 21.73 to 25.77 of proteins, and 58.08 to 64.02 of carbohydrate. The flours had on average 359.04 Kcal (100 g) and presented high iron, zinc, copper, manganese, phosphorus and magnesium contents. The whole-bean flours from the cultivars BRS Cauamé and BRS Xiquexique are sources of calcium. Regarding the microbiological characteristics, all flours are innocuous. The water absorption index were within 1.77 and 2.20 g g-1 and the water solubility index within 17 and 23%. All whole-bean flours had good nutritional, technological and microbiological characteristics, and thus potential for use in bakery products.

The low use of technologies by farmers and the occurrence of biotic and abiotic stresses are limiting factors for cowpea production in the Brazilian Northeast region. The tolerance of genotypes to drought is an alternative to decrease the negative effects of stresses on cowpea production. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify parents and combinations of cowpea genotypes with high probability of generating segregating populations with tolerance to drought. Six cowpea genotypes were crossed in a complete diallel cross design, totaling 30 F2 populations, which were evaluated together with their parents in an experiment under water deficit at the experimental field of the Embrapa Mid-North, Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil. A triple lattice incomplete block experiment design was used, with three replications, with experimental plot consisting of six 2-m plant rows. Fifteen plants per plot were sampled to evaluate their agronomic characteristics, whose results were subjected to analysis of variance and means were used to estimate the general and specific combining abilities. The genotypes showed significant differences in all characteristics evaluated, denoting the genetic variability of the population. The additive effects were more important than the non-additive effects, and maternal inheritance was detected. The genotypes BRS Xiquexique, Pingo-de-Ouro-1-2 and MNC99-510F-16-1 were the most promising for use in recurrent selection programs for tolerance to water deficit. The hybrid combinations (1) BRS Paraguaçu X (4) CNCx-698-128G, (2) Pingo-de-Ouro-1-2 X (3) BRS Xiquexique, (3) BRS Xiquexique X (5) Santo-Inácio, (4) CNCx-698-128G X (6) MNC99-510F-16-1 and (5) Santo-Inácio X (4) CNCx-698-128G showed potential for generating superior lineages regarding bean production and tolerance to water deficit.

RESUMO -Diferenciação genética refere-se à distribuição da variabilidade entre e dentro de populações, procedências ou outros tipos de agrupamentos. Seu conhecimento é importante para estabelecer estratégias de coleta, conservação e manejo de germoplasma de qualquer espécie. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a diferenciação genética entre procedências de açaizeiro que compõem a coleção da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, por meio de marcadores RAPD e SSR. Para tanto, foram utilizados DNAs de 107 acessos, representantes de 17 regiões geográficas diferentes e utilizados em PCR com 28 primers RAPD e sete primers SSR. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância molecular (AMOVA) com estrutura hierárquica desbalanceada. Altos níveis de diferenciação genética foram registrados entre procedências, com 0,301 para o marcador dominante e 0,242 para o co-dominante. Para os dois marcadores, a AMOVA apresentou grande variabilidade dentro das procedências (acima de 69%). O pequeno tamanho amostral das procedências do Maranhão pode ter contribuído para a diferenciação significativa entre procedências. Os dados obtidos por esses marcadores foram concordantes quanto à distribuição da variação genética entre e dentro de procedências dessa palmeira. Termos para indexação: Amazônia, germoplasma, Euterpe, palmeira,variação genética. GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION IN PROVENANCES OF AÇAÍ TREE BY RAPD AND SSR MARKERSABSTRACT -Genetic differentiation refers to the distribution of the variability among and within populations, provenances or other grouping types. This knowledge is important to establish collection strategies, conservation and germplasm management of any species. In this work, the genetic differentiation was evaluated among provenances of açaí tree from Embrapa Eastern Amazon germplasm collection using RAPD and SSR markers. DNAs of 107 accessions, representing 17 different geographic regions were used in PCR reactions with 28 RAPD primers and seven SSR primers. The obtained data was submitted to analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) with unbalanced hierarchical structure. High levels of genetic differentiation were registered among provenances, with 0.301 for the dominant marker (RAPD) and 0.242 for the codominante (SSR). For the two markers, AMOVA showed a great variability within the provenances (above 69%). The small sampling size of Maranhão provenances might have contributed to the significant differentiation among these provenances. The data obtained by these markers were in agreement with in what concerns the distribution of the genetic variation among and within the provenances of this palm tree. Index terms: Amazon, Germplasm, Euterpe, Palm, Genetic variation. INTRODUÇÃOA diferenciação genética refere-se à distribuição da variabilidade entre e dentro de populações e subpopulações naturais, procedências ou outros tipos de agrupamentos, onde os alelos e os genótipos ocorrem de maneira heterogênea no espaço e no tempo, isto é, resultado da ação de forças evolutivas que atuam dentro do contexto de cada espécie (Hamrick, 1982). Ess...

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