The efficacy of eight food additives as possible alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the control of soilborne pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was evaluated in this study. A preliminary selection of food additives was performed through in vitro tests. The ED 50 , minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values showed that ammonium bicarbonate and potassium sorbate were more toxic to soilborne pathogens compared to other food additives with few exceptions and, therefore selected for further testing in soil. The inhibitory and fungistatic efficacy potassium sorbate were higher than that of ammonium bicarbonate in in vitro tests. Potassium sorbate completely inhibited F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, M. phaseolina, and R. solani at 0.6% in soil tests. In contrast ammonium bicarbonate at 0.6% was inferior compared to potassium sorbate. Ammonium bicarbonate achieved to control all fungi at 2% that is the highest concentration used in this study. Potassium sorbate showed higher toxicity to all fungi compared to ammonium bicarbonate in soil tests. Both ammonium bicarbonate and potassium sorbate increased the pH of soil. The rate of pH increase was higher in ammonium bicarbonate.
The efficacy of low-toxicity chemicals as possible alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the control of Uromyces appendiculatus and Puccinia triticina was evaluated. A preliminary selection of food additives was performed through in vitro and in vivo preliminary screenings. The ED 50 and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values showed that most of the food additives used in this study were more toxic to U. appendiculatus than to P. triticina. Acetic acid, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate and sodium molybdate were the food additives that were more toxic to the urediniospores of P. triticina. Selected compounds and concentrations were tested on bean and wheat plants grown in pots under controlled conditions. Acetic acid, ammonium bicarbonate, potassium acetate, potassium benzoate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium acetate and sodium citrate at 0.03, 0.09, 0.03, 0.006, 0.012, 0.012, 0.03 and 0.03 m, respectively, significantly reduced the disease severity of U. appendiculatus without causing any injury to bean leaves. Ammonium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate at 0.12, 0.03, 0.12 and 0.03 m, respectively, were the most effective in reducing the disease severity caused by P. triticina without causing any injury to wheat leaves.
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