1031 de Endülüs’ün parçalanmasıyla birlikte, her şehirde hatta her kalede lider olan güçlü kişiler kendi bağımsızlıklarını ilan etmiş ve Endülüs’te mülûkü’t-tavâif dönemi başlamıştır. Mülûkü’t-tavâif’in en büyük özelliklerinden biri emirler arasında yoğun bir mücadelenin devam etmesidir. Bu mücadelede amaç bazen toprak kazanma, bazen de yağma ve talan yoluyla ganimet elde etmek olmuştur. Mülûkü’t-tavâif emirleri, dış düşman olan İspanya’nın Hristiyan devletçiklerini bırakmış, düşman olarak birbirlerini görmüş, kendilerini kuvvetli gördükleri anda komşularına saldırmışlardır. Endülüs’te ortaya çıkan mülûkü’t-tavâif’den birisi de Meriye emirliğidir. Araştırmanın konusu Meriye emirliğini kırk bir yıl sürdüren Mu‘tasım b. Sumâdıh’dır. Mu‘tasım b. Sumâdıh, Meriye’nin ekonomik ve kültürel yönden gelişmesi için büyük gayretler sarf etmiştir. Meriye, onun döneminde Endülüs’ün ihracat ve ithalat kapısı olmuştur. Kültür ve sanat ilerlemiş, onun sarayında çeşitli edebî ve dinî konularda tartışmalar, münazara ve müzakereler yapılmıştır. Eğitim için çeşitli okullar ve kütüphaneler kurulmuş, halk sağlığı için hastaneler, ibadet için çeşitli mescitler, yetimhane ve aşevleri kurulmuştur. Ülkemizde onun soyu, hayatı, edebî kişiliği ve Meriye’ye yaptığı hizmetler konusunda geniş bir araştırmanın yapılmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Gerekli literatür taraması yapılarak hazırlanan bu araştırmada Mu‘tasım b. Sumâdıh’ın bu bilinmeyen yönlerini ortaya çıkarıp okuyucuların ilgisine sunulmuştur. Makalede bu bağlamda Mu‘tasım b. Sumâdıh’ın soyu, ismi, künyesi ve lakabı, doğumu, özellikleri, Meriye’de yaptığı hizmetleri, edebiyat ve şiirdeki önemi, mücadelesi ve ölümünden sonra Meriye’deki durum ele alınmıştır.
Psychological warfare, which is a type of cold war, has been applied for different purposes in all areas of life throughout history. Propaganda, a method of psychological warfare, is a form of communication applied against the target audience. Propaganda is used to deceive the target audience, especially during the war years, by distorting the events. Addressing psychological warfare and propaganda from a sociological perspective is an important research topic. In this context, rumor/gossip is also a tactic used to destroy the target audience. Even if the content is false or unfounded, rumor/gossip influences society and deters people by making them suspicious, demoralized and discouraged. In this article, first of all, psychological warfare and its types, propaganda and propaganda types and perception are emphasized because they are closely related to the subject. After talking about psychological warfare in Islam, Hz. The psychological war against him in the time of the Prophet is mentioned. Then, necessary comments were made by emphasizing the black propaganda and psychological warfare that the Meccan polytheists practiced against her. The subject of the study is limited to the Mecca period.
Historical sources written in the Ottoman period reflect the necessary information about the economic, social, moral and religious aspects of the period. In these works, it is possible to see the religious understanding of the society and scholars of the period in which they were written because these works convey both historical information and reflect the social and religious structures of their period. Some Ottoman historians use verses and traditions (ahādith) to strengthen them with a religious basis while describing the events. In this study, the Qur’ānic verses that some Ottoman historians used in their works and the interpretations that some commentators brought to these verses are given. When the lives of Ottoman historians are examined, it is seen that they have something to say about every subject, especially about reli-gion and history. Ottoman historians skillfully used the verses of the Qur' ān and traditions (ahādith) in the events they narrated in their works, and sometimes they took the whole verse or sometimes a part of it. Ottoman historians revealed different meanings and interpretations from the meaning of the verse in the context of its revelation, and they repeated the same ver-ses from time to time. The historians reported the events in an objective way, avoiding prejudi-ces. In general, commentators have taken into account the environment of revelation while interpreting the verses. Ottoman historians, used the verses according to the flow of events. For this reason, it has been seen that some verses are used differently from the revelation environ-ment. The works of Ottoman historians, who included the verses of the Qur' ān in their works, were examined, and at the result of this examination, the message they wanted to give and the interpretation of some commentators on the same verse were compared. In the study, the text of the Ottoman historians about the event in which the verse takes place is given as summary, both the commentators' interpretation of the verse and an evaluation at the end is made.
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