In this review, the rules applicable to the preservation of stone monuments, referring both to the selection of appropriate materials (compatibility principle) as well as the repair process itself was discussed. A wide range of natural and synthetic polymers used for reconstruction purposes has been described. An example of the use of polymers for hydrophobization treatment of historic stone structures at one of the archaeological sites in Tyritake, Russia, carried out by Civil Engineering Faculty of the Warsaw University of Technology is also presented.
The present paper is aimed at the analysis of under ballast mats (UBM) which are used in ballasted track structures as vibration isolators and to protect the ballast layer against fast degradation. The mats were tested in the laboratory and afterwards a novel 4-DoF mechanical model of the track structure with UBM was developed. The novelty of this study consists in the comparison of two testing procedures: a procedure based on the popular German standard DIN 45673-5 and a new European standard EN 17282, released in October 2020. Major discrepancies were demonstrated in the determined values of the static and dynamic characteristics using both approaches—especially in reference to the mats with higher stiffness.
Biskupin is one of the most recognizable archaeological site in Pola1nd and Central Europe. The origins of the excavations dates back to year 1934 and had lasted almost continuously until 1974. In the framework of the grant from the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage interdisciplinary team of scientists from Archaeological Museum in Biskupin and Warsaw University of Technology performed multi-dimensional analysis of the settlement. Based on the integrated vector documentation, resulting from the photographic documentation, numerical models of structural systems of main types of buildings and defensive rampart were prepared. The aim of the analysis was a verification of the earlier findings of archaeological and architectural researches. The analysis allowed to verify both the arrangement of individual parts of structure of buildings, their work and the interconnection, as well as the possible dimensions of the individual components.
The article presents a constitutive model for Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) along with result of dynamic simulations of SMA model. The applications of devices incorporating SMA in civil engineering focus mostly on mitigation of the seismic hazard effects in new-build and historical buildings or improvement of fatigue resilience. The unique properties of SMA, such as shape memory effect and superelasticity give promising results for such applications. The presented model includes additional phenomenon of SMA – internal loops. The paper shows the method of formulation of physical relations of SMA based on special rheological structure, which includes modified Kepes’s model. This rheological element, introduced as dual-phase plasticity body, is given in the context of martensite phase transformation. One of the advantages of such an approach is a possibility of formulation of constitutive relationships as a set of explicit differential equations. The application of the model is demonstrated on example of dynamic simulations of three dimensional finite element subjected to dynamic excitation.
In this review, authors discuss the prerequisites to be fulfilled for the preservation of stone monuments, referring both to the selection of appropriate materials (compatibility principle) as well as to the repair process itself. Since ancient times, a wide range of natural and synthetic polymers has been employed for stone recovery purposes. The paper presents the examples of most commonly used polymeric materials along with recent trends in conservation of stone materials.
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