Infection by coronavirus (CoV-19) has led to emergence of a pandemic called as Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) that has so far affected about 210 countries. The dynamic data indicate that the pandemic by CoV-19 so far has infected 2,403,963 individuals, and among these 624,698 have recovered while, it has been fatal for 165,229. Without much experience, currently, the medicines that are clinically being evaluated for COVID-19 include chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, tocilizumab, lopinavir, ritonavir, tocilizumab and corticosteroids. Therefore, countries such as Italy, USA, Spain and France with the most advanced health care system are partially successful to control CoV-19 infection. India being the 2nd largest populous country, where, the healthcare system is underdeveloped, major portion of population follow unhygienic lifestyle, is able to restrict the rate of both infection and death of its citizens from COVID-19. India has followed an early and a very strict social distancing by lockdown and has issued advisory to clean hands regularly by soap and/or by alcohol based sterilizers. Rolling data on the global index of the CoV infection is 13,306, and the index of some countries such as USA (66,148), Italy (175,055), Spain (210,126), France (83,363) and Switzerland (262,122) is high. The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands. However, articles on social lockdown as a preventive measure against COVID-19 in PubMed

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has a long history of identifying a variety of viruses from poliovirus to coronaviruses, including novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The presence and detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human feces and its passage into the water bodies are significant public health challenges. Hence, the hot issue of WBE of SARS-CoV-2 in the coronavirus respiratory disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a matter of utmost importance (e.g., SARS-CoV-1). The present review discusses the background, state of the art, actual status, and prospects of WBE, as well as the detection and quantification protocols of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. The SARS-CoV-2 detection studies have been performed in different water matrixes such as influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plants, suburban pumping stations, hospital wastewater, and sewer networks around the globe except for Antarctica. The findings revealed that all WBE studies were in accordance with clinical and epidemiological data, which correlates the presence of SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) with the number of new daily positive cases officially reported. This last was confirmed via Reverse Transcriptase-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) testing which unfortunately is not suitable for real-time surveillance. In addition, WBE concept may act as a faster protocol to alert the public health authorities to take administrative orders (possible re-emerging infections) due to the impracticality of testing all citizens in a short time with limited diagnostic facilities. A comprehensive and integrated review covering all steps starting from sampling to molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater has been made to guide for the development well-defined and reliable protocols.

No abstract

Introduction 3. Genetic structure and assembly of SARS-CoV-2 4. Spreading of COVID-19 4.1 Carrier by aerosols 4.2 Water droplets from patients 4.3 Particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) 4.4 Waste materials from COVID-19 patients 5. Aggravation of COVID-19 by environmental condition and gases 5.1 Environmental factors 5.2 Environmental gases 6. Therapeutics

Objectives Science is the erudite methodical systematic practises to study the structure and behaviour of natural objects and/or phenomena. It clearly unknot about the fact that science is a human (society) need based process that starts with social affairs, for example, need to exchange emotion and cognitive processes (psychology), feelings (literature), relation (sociology), money (economics) etc. Humanities are the use of approaches that are predominantly hypothetical but critical, and have a noteworthy historical component, and the methodical aspects distinguish it from the mainly experiential approaches of the science. The basic approaches in both remains the same that it needs a hypothesis, sound methodology, and interpretation of data. Human is the end user in both the cases. So, why only interdisciplinary research focused on the core subjects of science? For example, philosophy, deals with general and vital complications relating to matters including existence, knowledge, language, attitude, behaviour, values, ethics, reason, mind, peace and harmony in life which can be essentially a part of science (especially natural sciences and more particularly animals sciences such as zoology) or vice versa could be true. The current and future time will allow us to believe on such concept, is the main theme of the current article. Methods Articles from all published sources are considered for answering the objective that why not concentrating to speed up interdisciplinarity. Few tables and figure are reproduced or redrawn as per the need. And numerical data are collected to present the current status of the interdisciplinarity and the need of the pace it requires. Results It is noticed that number of research articles on interdisciplinarity in comparison to several core subject area in major databases including environmental biology are still negligible. Countries still need to inter-collaborate at interdisciplinary level for the development and benefit of human race. This needs to be done mainly at socio-economic, intercultural and scientific levels. Although numbers of steps are taken such as establishment of interdisciplinary institutes, introduction of interdisciplinary courses, interdisciplinary research and publication platforms in specialized dedicated journals, still concrete steps to introduce the course of interdisciplinarity at educational and professional level is wanting. Conclusion Therefore, policy on pace in interdisciplinarity across science and humanities is highly wanting especially in developing countries to fix several national and international issues. Present article deals with the current status and future prospective or policies required on interdisciplinarity.

No abstract

Specific areas in many countries such as Italy, India, China, Brazil, Germany and the USA have witnessed that air pollution increases the risk of COVID-19 severity as particulate matters transmit the virus SARS-CoV-2 and causes high expression of ACE2, the receptor for spike protein of the virus, especially under exposure to NO 2 , SO 2 and NOx emissions. Wastewater-based epidemiology of COVID-19 is also noticed in many countries such as the Netherlands, the USA, Paris, France, Australia, Spain, Italy, Switzerland China, India and Hungary. Soil is also found to be contaminated by the RNA of SARS-CoV-2. Activities including defecation and urination by infected people contribute to the source for soil contamination, while release of wastewater containing cough, urine and stool of infected people from hospitals and home isolation contributes to the source of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in both water and soil. Detection of the virus early before the outbreak of the disease supports this fact. Based on this information, spike in pollution is found to be more dangerous in long-term than the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. It is because the later one may be controlled in future within months or few years by vaccination and with specific drugs, but the former one provides base for many diseases including the current and any future pandemics. Although such predictions and the positive effects of SARS-CoV-2 on environment was already forecasted after the first wave of COVID-19, the learnt lesson as spotlight was not considered as one of the measures for which 2nd wave has quickly hit the world.

No abstract