Most of the works in literature focused on the direct connection between remittances and human development. This work employs panel quantile via method of the moment to examine the effect of remittance across conditional distributions of human development in developing countries. The results obtained revealed that remittances inflow promote human development in developing countries human development in countries with low, medium and high human development, especially in countries with high human development. Policymakers in developing countries should designs policies that will entice their migrants’ workers to send in more remittances, promote financial development, reduces the cost of sending remittances, curbed financial and cybercrimes.

Even though some progress has been recorded in terms of GDP growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, still the region has high level of extreme poverty, income inequality, insecurity, consequently low human development. This study examined the effect of foreign remittances and governance on human development for 20 countries of sub-Saharan Africa, using data from 1996 to 2019. The study used FMOLS and DOLS methods to estimates the long run coefficients. All the variables are I(1), have cross section dependency and cointegrated. The results revealed that foreign remittances and governance promote long run human development in sub-Saharan Africa. The results also show that inflation, population growth and military expenditures found to have negative long run effect on human development, while financial development have positive long run effect on human development in sub-Saharan Africa.  Therefore, to promote human development, policies that will attract and encourage sending remittances through official channel should be put in place, especially related to the cost of sending remittances to sub-Saharan Africa. Also, policies to strengthen institutions and provide quality regulatory and legal framework for equitable distribution of resources to reduce poverty, and the cost of doing business, thereby promoting business activities, human capital development, consequently higher human development.

Islamic financial instruments of profit-loss-sharing and redistributions are capable of including people hitherto outside the formal financial system into mainstream formal finance thereby increasing the level of financial inclusion. Globally, OIC member countries have the highest number of adult age 15 and above without access to a formal bank account (53.7%). The primary purpose of this study is to investigate how does Islamic banking can increases the level of financial inclusion in OIC member countries. The work employed the use of system GMM, second-generation cointegration test and causality test to achieve this objective. The data used in this study were obtained from world development indicators, GLOBAL Findex and OIC statistical database from 2013 to 2018. The result found that Islamic banking significantly affects the level of financial inclusion in OIC member countries, and the impact found to be positive and significant when the interaction of Islamic banking and institution were used. Moreover, Islamic banking is found to cause financial inclusion, with no bidirectional causality. Other independent variables, GDP per capita, Institution and domestic to private sector are found to have positive impact on financial inclusion. The results confirmed that, Islamic banking has positive impact on financial inclusion in OIC member countries. In order to promote financial inclusion the policymakers in OIC member countries should consider improving the level of Islamic banking development, so that more people outside the formal financial system will be included. Keywords: Islamic banking development, Financial inclusion, Generalised Methods of the Moment (GMM), Organisation for Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member countries

This study argues that the effect of Islamic banking development on financial inclusion is enhanced when there exist better quality institutions. A cross section dependency test, cointegration test, causality test, and system GMM (generalized method of moments) are applied to achieve this objective. Employing panel data from 30 Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member countries over the period 2013-2018, the analysis suggests that Islamic banking promotes financial inclusion. Furthermore, it documents evidence which suggests negative and significant coefficients of the interaction between Islamic banking development and institutional quality.  This means that Islamic banking development works well in promoting financial inclusion in countries with low institutional quality.