In this study two pairs of primers based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (mtCOI) region and 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region were used for identifying very tiny and morphologically indistinguishable parasitoid Encarsia formosa (Gahan) which are specific to this insect. The fragment amplified by these primer pairs were 860 and 650 bp in length. Species specificity test showed that all E. formosa specimens were detected with no cross reactions with other aphelinid species, including E. sophia (Girault & Dodd), E. luteola, E. Inaron and E. Nigricephala. Using phylogenetic cladogram by the sequences analysis of both mtCOI and 28S rRNA genes could be detected in E. formosa accurately in all replicates. Cardinium and Wolbachia secondary endosymbiont were also detected in E. Formosa used by PCR amplification as well as sequence analysis of 16S-23S rDNA gene region. The molecular technique developed here would be useful for rapid and precise species identification, determination of the host spectrum and more effective utilization of E. formosa.
The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci is a species complex that possessed several biotypes including different genotypic clusters within species, which may differ from each other genetically and physiologically but morphologically alike. This study was performed by molecular analysis for easy identification of whitefly and describes its biotype throughout Bangladesh. Whiteflies have been identified from different places of Bangladesh based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences analysis. The mtCOI sequences of BW3 (collected from eastern part of Bangladesh) whitefly were diverged by 14.5% and 15.1% compared with B and Q biotypes from Korea and it also diverged by 15.4% and 13.7% from each other compared to BW1 (collected from southern part of Bangladesh) and BW2 (collected from northern part of Bangladesh), respectively within the country. The 16S rRNA sequences of BW3 whitefly were more deviated by 41.5%, 10.7%, 42.7% and 12.6% compared with the country populations from BW1, BW2, B and Q biotypes, respectively. Moreover, it showed high divergences from indigenous whiteflies of southern and northern part of Bangladesh which clustered in a different clade on both mtCOI and 16S rRNA phylogeny. Therefore, till date three genotypic cluster of indigenous whitefly BW1, BW2 and BW3 are identified from Bangladesh.
This paper describes the finite element design of a vibrational membrane with a cantilever structure to reduce distortion in bone conduction implant (BCI) transducers. To derive the optimal number of cantilevers, a model of ideally aligned components was established based on the structure of a previously proposed transducer, and mechanical vibration analysis was performed using different numbers of cantilevers (two to five). Under the same conditions, similar analyses were performed using vibrational membranes misaligned with the transducer magnet by 0.1 and 0.2 mm. Then, the standard deviations were calculated from the analysis results to numerically compare the magnitudes of vibrations between cantilevers for each cantilever shape. The larger the number of cantilevers, the smaller the standard deviation in both the alignment and misalignment cases. Moreover, from the analysis result, it was confirmed that using a vibrational membrane composed of five cantilevers can reduce distortion in BCI transducers.
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