Cydia pomonella is a serious invasive insect pest in China, and has caused severe damage to the production of apple and pear in its invaded areas. This species is distributing in the northwest and northeast of China, but no occurrence of it has been recorded in the large areas (about 3000-5000 km away) between the invaded northwestern and northeastern regions despite continuous monitoring. As yet the genetic diversity and invasion origin of the C. pomonella populations in Northwestern and Northeastern China is obscure. In this study, we investigate the genetic diversity of 14 populations of C. pomonella sampled throughout the main distribution regions in Northwestern (Xinjiang and Gansu Provinces) and Northeastern (Heilongjiang Province) China and compared them with nine populations from Europe and other continents using the mitochondrial COI, COII and Cytb genes. Both the populations from Northeastern and Northwestern China shared some haplotypes with populations from other countries. Haplotypes of the three mitochondrial genes had a different distribution in Northeastern and Northwestern China. The northeastern populations had more private haplotypes than the northwestern populations. A large number of the individuals from northwestern populations shared a few haplotypes of each of the three genes. The haplotype numbers and haplotype diversities of the northeastern populations were similar to those of field populations in other countries, but were higher than those of the northwestern populations. Populations from the Northwestern China showed similar haplotype number and haplotype diversity. We conclude that the population genetic background of C. pomonella populations in Northeastern and Northwestern China varies due to different invasion sources and that this should be considered before the application of new pest control tactics.
Abstract. During pituitary gland development, the actions of transcription factors control the development of the hormone-producing cell types. Defects in transcription factor genes, including PIT1/POU1F1, PROP1, GLI2, HESX1, LHX3, and LHX4, are associated with combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) (SAVAGE et al. 2007). Removal of the mouse GLI2 gene by targeted disruption leads to an embryonic lethal phenotype with defects in early brain and spinal cord development, which include absence of the floor plate (MATISE et al. 1998). At present, no polymorphisms of GLI2 gene have been reported in bovine. In the present paper, partial 5’ flanking region, coding region and partially introns of GLI2 were screened to detect the SNPs in Chinese cattle breeds.
Studies on the voltage distribution on the top electrode are important to improve the radio frequency (RF) heating uniformity of samples. The goal of this study was to evaluate the top electrode voltage distribution uniformity in RF systems. The voltages of five representative points on the top electrode were measured by a measuring device with 3 kg soybeans, and validated by the heating patterns using 0.9 kg soybeans located at five positions of the RF cavity. The results showed that the length effect of the copper straps used for connecting the measuring points and measuring device should be taken into account by ignoring little effects of the strap shapes. The final voltages away from the feed strip were higher than those near the feed strip and the deviations between the minimum and the maximum values among the five voltages were 694.3 and 440.9 V, corresponding to the highest voltage difference of 11.99 and 7.12% without and with load, respectively. The real top electrode voltage distribution could be potentially used in computer simulations to achieve the accurate RF heating patterns.
Urban residents’ well-being relies on fair access to living service amenities. To plan better living service amenities, planners need to balance supply and demand and find gaps and opportunities. We performed a spatial analysis of 2645 residential complexes in Xi’an, Shaanxi, China’s built-up area, using POI (Point of Interest), AOI (Area of Interest), and census and property data. We measured the supply status of 14 living service amenities by their number and distance and estimated the demand status of residents by their number and age. We also used location entropy and coupling coordination degree to measure the balance status. The results showed a spatial mismatch between supply and demand, with more amenities in the urban center where fewer and older residents lived, and fewer amenities in the suburbs where more and younger residents lived. The urban center had a location benefit but a lower coupling degree. The imbalance was mainly due to land finance and geographical segregation from unequal resource distribution. We also gave a visualization tool for planners to check any residential complex’s status and make informed decisions for amenity planning and construction.
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