Nor man Bonsor is Pro fes sor of Eco nom ics at Lakehead Uni ver sity and was ed u cated at the Uni ver sity of Brad ford (U.K.) and the Uni ver sity of Con nect i cut. He has writ ten for the C.D. Howe In sti tute, the Eco nomic Coun cil of Can ada, the On tario Eco nomic Coun cil and the Royal Commis sion on the Eco nomic Un ion and De vel op ment Pros pects for Canada (Mc Don ald Com mis sion). He has authored a num ber of books and ar ti cles in ac a demic jour nals deal ing with trans por ta tion eco nom ics. He re cently com pleted the chap ter "Big Wheels Stall ing: How Bad are Barri ers to Com mer cial Trans por ta tion Be tween the Prov inces?" in The Fra ser In sti tute book Pro vin cial Trade Wars: Why the Block ade Must End. Douglas Coo per Douglas Coo per is cur rently a post-grad u ate re searcher at the In sti tute of Trans por ta tion Stud ies, Uni ver sity of Cal i for nia, Berke ley. He obtained his un der grad u ate de gree in en gi neer ing from the United States Na vel Acad emy in 1967 and a Mas ter of Sci ence in Op er a tions Re search from the Uni ver sity of Cal i for nia, Berke ley in 1992. Be sides an in ter est in pri vat iza tion of trans por ta tion, Mr. Coo per's cur rent re search includes air port land use, safety and risk mod el ling, and de vel op ing measures of performance and productivity for airports.
Polish “generation of independence fighters” became politically active during the last year of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, a period of rapid social, political and ideological changes. Władysław Studnicki belonged to this generation. His origin from old Polish Borderlands and family upbringing explains his belief that a recovery of Polish independence should be absolute political priority, as well as his anti-Russian attitude. Because in Studnicki’s opinion recovering of Polish independence could only be regained as a result of war between powers responsible for Polish partition, he was actively supporting creation of Polish military organizations. During the World War I, drawing conclusions from declining importance of Austro-Hungary, Studnicki decided that restoration of independent Poland can only happen with German help and persuaded Germans that this was in their interest. In 1915 the central powers proclaimed recognition of Poland’s independence, known as “Act of 5th May”) that had a major influence on accepting the desire of restoration of Poland by France and Gt. Britain (at that time allies of Russia). Due to his absence of political ability, his role in bringing about the Act of 5th May brought him no popularity. During the inter-war period Studnicki was mainly active as a writer, producing books and articles on politics and economics. In politics he advocated idea of Polish-German cooperation and during the last pre-war year, foreseeing the disastrous effects of Polish-German war, he argued against Poland joining antiGerman alliance. During German occupation of Poland he attempted to persuade Germans to cease their brutal suppression. These attempts were totally unsuccessful and caused him to be imprisoned and being beaten by Gestapo. The last years of his life Studnicki spent in exile in England.
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