Fibre‐reinforced polymers (FRPs) are rapidly being introduced into a wide variety of civil engineering applications. These materials have been found to be particularly attractive for applications involving the strengthening and rehabilitation of existing structures. In this paper, progress since 1997, with regard to the rehabilitation of civil engineering structures using FRPs, is reviewed. The repair techniques include: column strengthening and seismic applications using FRP wraps, beam strengthening with bonded FRP wraps and laminates, as well as applications to masonry and other types of structures. Durability considerations when using FRPs for rehabilitation are also discussed, and progress regarding field implementations and assessments is reviewed. Finally, initiatives concerning the development of design guidelines and codes of practice are addressed.
The plastic strain energy required for failure in low-cycle biaxial fatigue is estimated using the energy in uniaxial fatigue and assumptions from the theory of plasticity. A criterion for high-strain multiaxial fatigue of the form Δε¯pΔσ¯=KNƒc is developed, where the equivalent stress amplitude Δσ and the equivalent plastic strain amplitude Δεp are based on the von Mises yield function of plasticity. The parameters K and c are assumed to depend on the mechanical properties of the material and to be functions of the stress ratio. These functions can be evaluated from uniaxial fatigue data and are compared with tests performed on thin-walled tubes of mild steel at different stress ratios. The proposed criterion seems to yield a promising approach for the low-cycle fatigue analysis of metals under biaxial states of stress.
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