No abstract

To determine maximal plasma levels of androstenedione (A) and testosterone (T) which still can be considered non virilizing in 21-hydroxylase deficiency, we investigated plasma levels of these steroids in unaffected children and in adults. For T we found an upper limit of the prepubertal normal range of 16 ng/dl in girls and of 20 ng/dl in boys, with the exception of boys in the first half-year of life in which T is elevated up to the low adult range with peak values in the 2nd and 3rd month. During puberty T values show a significant difference between pubic hair stage 1 and stage 2. T levels below 20 ng/dl can be considered to be non virilizing. For A we found a plasma concentration of 86 ng/dl to be the upper normal level in both sexes before the onset of puberty. A values below this limit are expected to be non virilizing. To evaluate the usefulness of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (OHP) for the prediction of A and T and to define "acceptable" OHP levels in CAH we performed simultaneous determinations of OHP, T, and A in prepubertal patients treated for CAH. From these values we calculated the 95% confidence interval for prediction of T and A on known OHP levels. On an OHP value of 1.000 ng/dl, T can be expected to be between 6 and 60 ng/dl and A between 25 and 320 ng/dl. Because of these wide ranges, OHP has to be considered an unreliable parameter for predicting androgen levels in CAH.

Two unrelated boys with congenital adrenal hypoplasia were followed from birth for 20 yr. In spite of continuous treatment with hydrocortisone and fluorocortisone both patients had delayed growth and bone maturation since early childhood and failure of spontaneous puberty. Tests of the hypothalamic-pituitary function showed low basal plasma LH and FSH levels and blunted LH and FSH responses to standard GnRH tests and increased basal and TRH-stimulated PRL levels. Low dose pulsatile GnRH administration for 26 h, mimicking presumed physiological GnRH secretion, induced a continuing rise of plasma FSH in both patients and a slight increase of plasma LH and testosterone in one patient. These results indicate a hypothalamic origin of the gonadotropin deficiency with possible prenatal onset, since both patients had cryptorchidism during infancy. Hypogonadism in patients with adrenal hypoplasia may result from deficient steroid secretion of the hypoplastic fetal adrenals.

This is apparently the first report on connatal hemihypertrophy with malignant pheochromocytoma. The coincidence of hemihypertrophy with other diseases, particularly neuroectodermal dysplasias on the one hand and the frequent association of neuroectodermal dysplasias with pheochromocytoma on the other, are emphasized. Furthermore, basically known particularities of this case as malignancy of the tumor, the unusual size of the tumor in children, and the normal catecholamine levels in serum as well as the normal excretion of vanillylmandelic acid are discussed.

The patient, diagnosed as a case of testicular feminisation in infancy, was examined at the age of 15 years because of severe symptoms of virilising puberty with poor breast development. Plasma steroid analyses revealed a 10-fold elevated androstenedione concentration (A: 1562 ng/100 ml). Testosterone (T: 266 ng/100 ml) was in the male pubertal range. Thus the A/T-ratio was far above normal. The oestrone/oestradiol ratio was also elevated (Oe1/Oe2: 10.2/2.2 ng/100 ml). A, T, Oe1 and Oe2 could not be suppressed by dexamethasone, but reacted promptly to fluoxymesterone (A: 781 ng/100 ml). hCG caused a further increase of the A/T-ratio (2220/246 ng/100 ml); ACTH did not alter the A-concentration. These findings together with simular investigations after gonadectomy suggest that the failure to convert A to T and Oe1 to Oe2 is essentially located in the testes. In vitro incubations of testicular tissue showed reduced 17-ketosteroid reductase activity in tissue slices and in the subcellular fractions microsomes and cytosole. This form of male pseudohermaphroditism can easily be detected already in infancy, if steroid analyses and stimulation tests are performed. In case of female sex assignment patients should be submitted to early orchidectomy in order to avoid virilisation in puberty.

No abstract

The case histories of 2,362 newborn boys were evaluated for congenital testicular maldescent. These data, obtained from the prospective follow-up study "Pregnancy and Child Development" sponsored by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, are discussed in the light of new findings on morphological changes in this disorder. The aetiology of maldescent of testes is considered to be heterogenous and could not be clarified by investigating 26 factors which might be regarded as possible causes of the abnormality. The difficulties in achieving a correct classification of the various forms of maldescended testes are emphasized and are demonstrated by data from this collaborative study. Considering the frequency of non-descent at the ages of 9 months (3.3%), 18 months (2.9%), and 36 months (2.5%), we believe we have found some evidence for spontaneous descent in a proportion of cases during the first 3 years of life. If this is confirmed by proposed new studies, the findings will have to be weighed against the recommendations of the 1974 International Health Foundation that therapy should be performed during the 2nd year of life or earlier.

101 patients successfully treated for undescended testes with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) or with HCG followed by surgery reached normal adult heights. Deviations from normal growth in individual patients did not appear to be related either to their earlier undescended testes or to the successful therapy, but rather to their genetic background. Therefore, apart from patients with chromosomal abnormalities and other primary causes for maldescent of the testes, boys with undescended testes show a normal distribution for height and do not represent a different population with regard to growth.