Decentralized wastewater treatment is frequently used worldwide in those locations where additional water supply and shortages of potable water make reuse of highly treated wastewater more acceptable. Treated wastewaters often are less costly than development of other potable water supplies.The use of decentralized treatment facilities, which are commonly referred to as 'scalping' or 'sewer mining' facilities, typically produce a high quality level of wastewater effluent. Irrigation usage is often accomplished with only secondary levels of treatment followed by filtration and high levels of disinfection. Other indirect and direct potable water schemes require very extensive process configurations, including ultra filtration, reverse osmosis, and advanced oxidation. This paper will discuss several of the drivers for decentralized wastewater treatment, such as irrigation, water supply augmentation, stream flow augmentation, and industrial reuse. Several case histories of various wastewater treatment plants around the world will be presented, including design criteria, effluent standards, and other descriptive information.
The trickling filter/solids contact process has been shown to be an excellent means of upgrading biological filter plants in North America, and about 100 plants have been built since 1979 in both cold and warm climates, and on both large and small works. A variety of effluent requirements has been satisfied consistently, including monthly average BOD and SS concentrations of 10 mg/l and 10 mg/l respectively. Key design features are described, including the use of an aerated solids contact tank to flocculate dispersed solids. Also, a flocculatorclarifier with special design features allows the use of high overflow rates and smaller sedimentation tanks.
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