In order to obtain early and good osteointegration after implantation of a titanium implant in the human body, the surface modified treatments using NaOH or H(2)O(2) etc. were reported. In this study, titanium was hydrothermally treated with CaCl(2) solutions at 200 degrees C for 24hr (CaCl(2)-HT). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation clearly showed apatite deposition on the surface of CaCl(2) HT treated titanium faster than other chemical treated titanium immersion in simulated body fluid. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that Ti--O--Ca bonding was formed on titanium surface by hydrothermal treatment with CaCl(2) solution. And it was revealed that thickness of TiO(2), which was known to play important roles for the formation of bone-like apatite, became approximately three times thicker than as-polished titanium. The amount of initial attached MC3T3-E1 cells on as-polished and NaOH, H(2)O(2) and this CaCl(2) HT treated titanium were almost the same values. After 5 days incubation, the growth rate of MC3T3-E1 cells on CaCl(2)-HT treated titanium was significantly higher than that on other chemical treated titanium. The hydrothermal treatment with 10-20 mmol/L CaCl(2) solution at 200 degrees C was an effective method for the fabrication of titanium implant with good bioactivity and osteoconductivity.
Bone consists of a mineral phase (carbonate apatite) and an organic phase (principally collagen). Cancellous bone is characterized by interconnecting porosity necessary for tissue ingrowth and nourishment of bone cells. The purpose of the present study was to fabricate macroporous carbonate apatite (CAP) blocks with interconnecting porosity as potential bone substitute biomaterials by hydrothermal conversion of alpha-TCP foam in carbonate solution. The fabrication of the macroporous CAP was accomplished in two steps: (1) preparation of alpha-TCP foams using polyurethane foams as templates, and (2) hydrothermal conversion at 200 degrees C of alpha-TCP foam in the presence of ammonium carbonate solutions of different concentrations. The maximum carbonate content of the resultant CAP foam was approximately 7.4 wt %. The mean porosity of the CAP foam was as high as 93 vol %. The macroporous CAP blocks or granules prepared in this manner has properties similar to that of bone in mineral composition and in having interconnecting macroporosity necessary for osteoconductivity and tissue ingrowth. On the basis of composition and interconnecting macroporosity, the CAP foam materials could be ideal biomaterials for bone repair and as scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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