Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is a recognized biomarker in ovarian and endometrial cancer and over-expressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The diagnostic value of HE4 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains unknown. Here we elucidate mRNA, protein and serum level of HE4 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. HE4 mRNA level in tumor adjacent tissues and pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissues were tested by real time-PCR. Tissue microarray containing normal, adenocarcinoma, and adjacent pancreatic tissue was tested by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Serum level of HE4, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) and carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) were detected by ELISA assay in control and tumor patients. Further we compared the sensitivity and specificity of determining HE4, CA19-9, CA15-3, and CA125 for diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and assessed the complementary diagnostic value of HE4, CA19-9, CA15-3 and CA125. Real time PCR showed significantly increased HE4 mRNA level in pancreatic adenocarcinoma compared with control. Result of IHC showed that HE4 significantly higher expressed in the human pancreatic carcinoma tissues than in both normal and adjacent non-tumorous pancreatic tissues, and the staining intensity is inversely correlated with the clinical stage. HE4 was highly expressed in early stage of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Serum HE4 level is higher in cases with pancreatic adenocarcinoma than in the controls. Serum HE4 levels could research to a sensitivity of 45.83% and specificity of 93.75% when the Cutoff was set at 4.59 ng/mL. The Combined HE4 and CA19-9 increased the sensitivity to 83.33%; and interestingly, the combination of HE4 with CA15-3 led to the most powerful sensitivity of 87.5%. Combined with CA19-9 and CA15-3, HE4 could be a potential biomarker to improve the diagnostic power for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Syncytin-1 is a member of human endogenous retroviral W gene family (HERVW1). Known to be expressed in human placental trophoblast, syncytin-1 protein mediates the fusion of cytotrophoblasts for the formation of syncytiotrophoblasts, the terminally differentiated form of trophoblast lineage. In addition, in vitro studies indicate that syncytin-1 possessed nonfusogenic functions such as those for immune suppression, cell cycle regulation and anti-apoptotic activities. Overexpression of syncytin-1 has been observed in various malignant tissues including breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers. It was reported that syncytin-1 gene expression is associated with dynamic changes of DNA hypomethylation in the 5’ LTR. In this study, applying the real-time PCR, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry methods, we demonstrate a constitutive expression of syncytin-1 in normal pancreas tissues as well as normal tissues adjacent to cancer lesions. Moreover, a reduced expression is found in the pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissues. The expression levels of syncytin-1 are not correlated with the stage, historical grade and gender, but inversely correlated with patients’ age. Furthermore, COBRA and bisulfite sequencing results indicated that the lower expression of syncytin-1 is correlated with the hypermethylation of two CpG dinucleotides in the 5’ LTR of syncytin-1 gene. The nonfusogenic function of syncytin-1 in normal pancreas as well as its role(s) in the pathogenesis and progression of pancreatic cancers remains to be investigated. Identification of the two CpG dinucleotides around transcription start site as key epigenetic elements has provided valuable information for further studies on the epigenetic regulation of syncytin-1 in pancreatic cancer cells.
205 Background: Spiritual care is identified as a core component of quality oncologic care. Unmet spiritual needs can lead to worse quality of life, lower satisfaction with care, and greater psychological distress. Despite increasing evidence that cancer outpatients also have unmet spiritual needs, professional spiritual care is often limited in the ambulatory setting. Many cancer centers provide access to professional chaplains only while patients are hospitalized. Where chaplain services are available to outpatients, access is often limited. At Mount Sinai, we embedded a full-time professional chaplain in our ambulatory cancer center. This presentation will describe our methods, results, and conclusions from a year of data on outpatient spiritual care referrals. Methods: We identified three sources of referrals to spiritual care: direct referrals from patients’ primary oncology teams, direct referrals from Supportive Oncology/Palliative Care, and automatic referrals through a question about meaning and purpose on our distress screen. We also included the opportunity for patients to self-refer to spiritual care through our distress screen. We collected data on the number of patients identified through these referral sources, time to initial contact, and the validity of the referral as assessed by our chaplain. Results: These three sources resulted in 454 referrals to spiritual care. We screened 1,410 patients through our distress screen and 16% (226) triggered a referral to spiritual care. Distress screen referrals comprised nearly 50% of all spiritual care referrals. In addition, 32% (144) of our referrals came from the patients’ clinical teams and 10% (46) from the Supportive Oncology team. Our chaplain assessed that 31% (141) had a spiritual need that required regular follow-up and 12% (56) required monitoring. Conclusions: Using multiple referral methods we were able to identify a significant number of ambulatory cancer patients with an identified spiritual need. Future projects will look at specific metrics for patient experience, improving chaplain ability to connect with patients, validating our screening question for spiritual distress, and determining an appropriate patient load for an outpatient chaplain.
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