SUMMARYComplement component C6 is a part of the membrane attack complex that forms a pore-like structure in cell membranes following complement activation. De®ciency of terminal complement components including C6 predisposes individuals to infection with Neisseriae. Using polymerase chain reaction/ single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis followed by DNA sequencing, we screened genomic DNA from 200 randomly chosen blacks and an equal number from whites for three loss-of-function C6 mutations. Ten blacks and two whites were found to be heterozygous for one of the mutations. Two of the mutations, 1195delC and 1936delG, were found exclusively in black individuals. A third previously undescribed mutation, 878delA, was found at equal frequency among the two groups. The difference between the two groups was signi®cant (P 0´027), indicating that C6 de®ciency due to these three mutations is more common among blacks than whites in the local area, principally Jefferson County, Alabama. In addition, three previously undescribed point mutations, two of which result in amino acid substitutions, were identi®ed within exon 6. A review of the county health department records over the past 6 years revealed a higher incidence of meningococcal meningitis in blacks due to serogroups Y and W-135 which paralleled the difference in the estimated prevalence of C6 de®ciency. Among black residents of the county (n 235 598) there were 15 cases of meningitis due to these two serogroups, compared with two cases in the white population (n 422 604) (P 0´002). We conclude that C6 de®ciency is more common among blacks than whites in the south-eastern United States, with a frequency approaching 1 in 1600 black individuals.