In this paper an attempt has been made to document the reasons for low acceptance of family planning methods among the scheduled tribes of Rajasthan, India. Three tribal groups-the Bhils, Garassias and Meenas-were selected for detailed investigations. The study was conducted using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The respondents included, among others, community members, community leaders, eligible couples and the service providers of the area. The results of the study show that resistance to family planning is due to sociocultural and socioeconomic factors, the user's knowledge of and access to contraceptive methods and the attitude of the service providers towards the beneficiaries. The sociocultural factors include, among otbers, polygamy, the felt need for a large number of sons to defend and preserve family honour, prevalence of nata system and the excessive use of alcohol among men. One socioeconomic factor is the huge amount of compensation to be paid to one's wife's parents in case of her sterilisation. One of the salient findings of the study is an almost nonexistent client-provider relationship. Based on the findings of the study a plan has been suggested to address this weakness. This plan advocates basic changes in the state policy in order to make family planning acceptable to tribal groups.
The paper investigates the impact of underlying spot market volatility after the introduction of futures and options trading in India by using standard EGARCH (1,1) model. The dataset was retrieved from National Stock Exchange (NSE) website for daily closing price series of S&P CNX Nifty spot index for the period from 1 st January 1996 to 31 st March 2009. The findings suggest that, both futures and options trading reduce the volatility of spot market after the introduction of futures and options trading in India. Besides, the results of futures and options markets reveal that there were no asymmetric effects present in Indian spot market. This finding are quite interesting, since noise trading is the cause of asymmetric responses, the Nifty spot index was not significantly affected by such market participants. Hence, the present study suggests that the introduction of futures and options trading have improved the speed and quality of information flowing in spot market. This enhances the overall market depth, increases market liquidity and ultimately reduces informational asymmetries and therefore compresses spot market volatility in India.
This paper examines the casual dependence of price changes and trading volume by using linear and nonlinear models for Australia, India, Japan, New Zealand and Taiwan stock exchange from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2008. The empirical methods used include Unit-root tests, Granger causality tests and MA (5) GARCH (1,1). Granger Causality test demonstrates that for some countries, returns cause volume and volumes cause returns. The evidence indicates stronger evidence of returns causing volume than volume causing returns. The results present a significant relationship between trading volume and the value of price changes, the exogenous variable contributes some information to the return and volatility series for capturing the potential non-linear dependence of stock and trading volume in conditional variance to determine the contemporaneous and lagged volume effect after incorporation. Moreover, the findings suggest that the presence of current and past returns, trading volume adds some predictive power for future returns in these countries.
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