The lateral ligament complex of the ankle is involved in a large proportion of ankle sprains. The calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) is often involved in severe injuries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anatomical variation and laterality of the CFL to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of CFL-related injuries. This study utilized 110 paired ankles from 55 formalin-fixed Japanese cadavers (33 male and 22 female). The length and width of the CFL and the angle created by the CFL and long axis of the fibula (CF angle) were measured after exposing the CFL by careful dissection from the surrounding tissues. The results revealed that each parameter exhibited a wide range of values and showed unique patterns of frequency distribution, among which only the length was normally distributed. Among the parameters, only the CF angle showed no significant correlation with the other parameters. Analysis of laterality revealed that the mean left CF angle was significantly greater than the value on the opposite side (p < 0.05) and that the values of the bilateral CF angle showed no significant correlation at the individual level. The present results revealed not only detailed information regarding the CFL morphology, but also inter- and intra-individual laterality regarding the CFL traveling angle. It is likely that the differences in the quality and quantity of mechanical stress against each leg may have caused this morphologic laterality of the CFL.
A case of small lymphocytic B-cell lymphoma with seropositivity for human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), whose clinical features were closely related to those of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, is presented. The neoplastic cells of the lymph node were immunologically positive for CD5, in addition to several B-cell markers, but negative for CD10, and cytogenetically carried a t(11;14)(q13;q32). These findings were fully consistent with so-called mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). In addition to the lymph nodes and bone marrow, multiple extranodal sites including lacrimal and salivary glands, lung and stomach (where MALT is present) were occupied by lymphoma cells. These extranodal lesions were immunologically identical to the lymph nodes (CD5(+), CD10(-)), but histologically showed lymphoepithelial lesions (LEL) characteristic of MALT lymphoma. These findings suggest a possible relationship between MCL and MALT lymphoma, and the neoplastic cells are thought to originate from the CD5-positive B cells, which are present near the areas across the mantle and marginal zones. Furthermore, HTLV-I-infection, which appears to create an immunodeficient state or modulate the B-cell response, is thought to play a role in B-cell lymphomagenesis.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.