Transparent Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films have been grown on Si (100) and Sapphire (0001) substrates by RF magnetron sputtering for different growth time intervals (10, 30 and 60 min) to study the substrate and thickness effects. All the films have been grown at a substrate temperature of 450 °C. It has been found that the average growth rate on Si (100) substrate (8.6 nm/min) is higher than that on Sapphire (0001) substrate (2.6 nm/min) in an identical growth condition which clearly shows the virtual role of substrates. The lower growth rate on Sapphire (0001) suggests that the increasingly ordered and uniform growth due to less lattice mismatch. The grown films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Reflectance, Photoluminescence (PL) and Hall measurements. The XRD result (FWHM) reveals that for lower growth time, the films grown on Si (100) is better than on Sapphire (0001). Conversely, for higher growth time, the films grown on Sapphire (0001) is better than on Si (100). The variation of strain behavior due to thickness on both substrates has been justified by UV-Vis reflectance, photoluminescence and Hall effect measurements.
We are living in a world where technology is omnipresent. Due to the ubiquitous presence of technology the pedagogy of teaching methodology has also undergone a sea-change. The phrase “e-Learning” or “Technology in Education” has become the buzz word in every educational environment. Infusing technology into education is really important as it caters the needs of the contemporary learners. The classroom environment, today, is completely different from the conventional classroom. The traditional methods, which are mainly based on lecturing and rote learning reduce, English language learning to mechanical memorization and miserably fail in developing English language as a skill among the learners. New technologies like Internet, YouTube, Skype, tweeter, blogs, mobile phones, interactive boards and many more have added not only stimulus but also learners’ communication and true interactivity within the classroom. Learning is, of course, the main purpose of education. It is the goal of every student and the task of every teacher to increase knowledge and understanding in the classroom. The teachers can engage the learners to become skilled at English Language by using the innovative ELT techniques like English songs, movie clippings, dramatics, advertisements, sports commentaries and many more. This paper stresses on the need to make English language lessons easy and enjoyable through innovative ELT methods. This is done first by giving a brief review about the traditional teaching methods in India and further the focus will be on instilling Information and Communications technologies (ICT) tools in ELT. Thus this study confers the availability of various tools of ICT and their practical uses.
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