Aquaculture is one of the most important economic activities in the world. However, the intensification of culture practices resulted in the emergence of various diseases caused by microorganisms and non-infectious diseases caused mainly by the deterioration of water quality. Several prophylactic and treatment options have been exploited over the years to tackle the disease problem in aquaculture. Previously, antibiotics have been used indiscriminately for treating many fish diseases which resulted in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. To overcome the failure of existing management strategies, innovative antimicrobial drug research is crucial and actinomycetes have proven to be trustworthy sources of new antimicrobial chemicals and are one of the most economically and biotechnologically important bacteria with multitude of functions. This review updates and highlights the role of actinomycetes in encouraging sustainable aquaculture practices and identifies opportunities for additional research and development. Many genera of actinomycetes were found to enhance the growth and survival of cultured species by producing many nutritional factors. They also improve the water quality of culture systems by the production of hydrolytic enzymes. Actinomycetes were found to improve the immunity of aquatic organisms by augmenting many immune parameters and making them more resistant to infection. Many actinomycetes have been discovered to produce antagonistic substances and exhibited antibacterial, antiviral, antibiofilm and anti-quorum sensing activities. Probiotic potential of many actinomycetes has been widely explored. Even though actinomycetes have been widely used in aquaculture for multi purposes, the exact mechanism of action of these bacterial groups is poorly understood and novel biotechnological tools can be used for unravelling this.
Abstract5
Background
The present-day world is teeming with numerous diseases due to the changing environment. The enormous growth of population has overburdened the prevailing resources of drugs; hence, drug manufacturers are in the lookout to develop effective and safe drugs in the pharmaceutical field. Marine environment is well known for its secondary metabolites, having a high potential in the research world of medicines. Several successful researches have explored the bioactivities of the marine organisms. In this regard, this study highlights the bioprospective activities of squid ink and identification of the organism using CO1 gene marker.
Results
In the present study, anti-inflammatory activity evaluated by human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization assay revealed protection of human blood cells in hypotonic solution confirming ant-inflammatory property of squid ink extract. Bovine serum protein denaturation method for investigating in vitro anti-arthritic activity proved that the ink extract has appreciable inhibitory effect on denatured proteins. The in vitro antioxidative property of the squid ink disclosed remarkable free radical scavenging activity. The squid ink exhibited potent antibacterial activity against three microbial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. From the molecular study using CO1 gene sequencing, it was found that the given species of squid showed 100% similarity with a species in NCBI GenBank and it was identified to be Sepioteuthis lessoniana.
Conclusions
It is evident from the study that squid ink extract is a good source of anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-arthritic and antimicrobial agents which would replace the existing cost of effective investigations intending to purify these active compounds and its identification of new molecular skeleton can give idea to the development of either the base or a new drug itself in the future.
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