Background Aortic pulse wave velocity (APWV), a marker of arterial stiffness, was found to be a good predictor for the presence of incipient vascular disease and cardiovascular events in observational studies. APWV measured by echo Doppler is a simple and readily available method comparable with other costlier and complex modalities of APWV measurement like MRI, Complior method or applanation tonometry. Aims and objectivesNo previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between APWV findings and the complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD). Our aim was to examine the relationship between APWV findings and the severity of SYNTAX scores (SX scores). Methods 500 patients who had undergone APWV measurements and elective coronary angiography from September 2012 to June 2013 were taken. Pulsed Doppler ultrasound (6.6 MHZ) probe with ECG synchronisation was used to calculate APWV. SYNTAX scoring was performed by observers who were blinded to APWV values. Results A significant, nearly linear correlation between APWV and advancing CAD ( p<0.0001) was observed. Patients with dual-vessel and triple-vessel disease had significantly higher APWV than patients without CAD. It was also found that mean APWV values were significantly more in patients with high or intermediate SX scores than in patients with low SX scores. The Fischer's linear discriminant analysis showed a cut-off value of APWV for predicting the possibility of having CAD to be >11.5 m/s. Conclusions APWV has predictive value for the SX score. A positive relation exists between aortic stiffening and coronary atherosclerosis and APWV measured by 2D Doppler is a good predictor of advancing CAD.

We found that exaggeration of the ER pattern during chest pain may lead to inadvertent thrombolysis. A notched/slurred ER pattern is found in only a third of patients, who need to be grouped separately, as they may constitute a high-risk category. Patients with ER had MVP at a higher prevalence (almost double) than the general population, probably explaining the high incidence of sudden cardiac death associated with MVP. A familial tendency to an ER pattern was found in more than half of first-degree relatives, with different ER patterns, even the Brugada pattern, found in the same family. This may be because Brugada and other ER patterns belong to the same spectrum and may share the same prognosis. Thus we conclude that further studies regarding ER, its association with MVP, risk stratification by notched ECG pattern, and familial distribution along with gene analysis are warranted.

BACKGROUND Renal Artery Stenosis (RAS) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The present study was designed to assess the prevalence of renal artery stenosis in patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) who underwent Coronary Angiography (CAG). MATERIALS AND METHODS The consecutive CAD patients undergoing CAG and renal angiography were studied from November 2000 to July 2004. The presence of risk factors such as age, hypertension, diabetes, left ventricular function and myocardial infarction were assessed. The degree of arterial stenosis was categorised into mild, moderate and severe and at least 50% narrowing of the arterial lumen was considered as arterial stenosis. Data was analysed by using SPSS 20.0 software. RESULTS Out of 878 patients, the prevalence of RAS was calculated as 33 (3.8%) patients, the majority of them were male (75.9%). Out of 33 patients, 19 (57.6%), 6 (18.2%) and 8 (24.2%) patients were classified as mild, moderate and severe RAS, respectively. Using multiple variables including age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, multivessel disease and left ventricular dysfunction patients were considered as predictors of RAS. The significant number of a patient had unilateral 18 (54.5%) and 11 (33.3%) bilateral RAS observed from renal angiography. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that the renal angiography in combination with coronary artery angiography in CAD patients provides the opportunity for identification of RAS.

high accuracy in the evaluation and appropriate treatment of patients with trigeminal neuropathy. For this, images should be obtained from the level of nuclei in the brain stem to the extracranial branches of the nerve. SPACE or CISS sequences are very helpful in this regard and whenever needed contrast study should be performed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors are thankful to Mr Jaleel and Medi research direct for their support during the entire project.

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