An exact finite-range coupled-channel Born-approximation analysis of the "Ge("0, ' 0)" Ge and ' Ge("0, ' 0)"Ge reactions has been performed. It shows that the shape change between the angular distributions of different final states is well reproduced by using BCSrandom-phase-approximation wave functions to describe the Ge states. The measured transfer cross sections are rather well described by calculations using optical model parameters and deformation values which fit the experimental data on "0 and ' 0 elastic and inelastic scattering. It has been found that the excitation of the "0~2+ state has to be included in the coupled-channel Born-approximation analysis in order to reproduce the experimental angular distributions of the "Ge and "Ge ground states. A unique factor of 2.3 can be used to normalize the calculated cross section to the experimental data. NUCLEAR REACTIONSGe ( 0 0), ( 0 O); Ge( O 0), ( O, O); deduced optical model parameters; CCBA analysis.

A new technique is developed to carry out exact finite-range distorted-wave Bornapproximation calculations very quickly, and is applied to analyze a large amount of data for one-nucleon transfer reactions between heavy ions. It is confirmed that heavy-ion induced reaction data, if analyzed in terms of an exact finite-range approach, can be used as a dependable spectroscopic tool. NUCLEAR REACTIONS Pb( 0, N), E =104, 140 MeV Pb( C, B), 208pb(i2C 13{ ) g 77 98 ] 16 MeV. 208pb(1kB lOBe) 208pb(llB &2B) MeV 88Sr('60 '5N), E =44 -59 MeV 6 Ni(' 0 N), &=56 MeV Ni(' C, ' B) E =48 MeV; calculated o'(0); full recoil; exact-finite-range DWBA, 9Bi, Pb, Y, Cu levels deduced SĨ

The color of refined palm oil and palm oil products is conventionally measured using the manually operated Lovibond® Tintometer. In the present study, one manual/visual and three automatic colorimeters for the measurement of vegetable oil color were used for color measurements of refined palm oil. All colorimeters used were commercially available instruments except for an automatic palm oil colorimeter developed specifically for the measurement of palm oil color. The color values obtained from all four instruments were compared using the visually obtained readings as reference values. Results showed that all three automatic instruments gave correlation coefficients of greater than 0.9300 for red color measurements. In addition, the Student t‐test showed no difference between the analysis of red color using the visual method and the palm oil colorimeter. This investigation concludes that, although it is extremely difficult to reduce the lack of precision in color measurement of palm oil, a properly designed and calibrated automatic instrument may still be the better choice because reproducibility and repeatability are required in all standard test methods. The palm oil colorimeter offers a ready and relatively inexpensive solution to the problem of color matches based on visual observations.

The chlorophyll (CHL) content in palm oil extracted from oil palm fruits, Elaeis guineensis, at various stages of ripeness was determined. It was found that oils from ripe fruits of the same age contained different levels of CHL. In addition it was noted that fruits from palms planted at the centre and those at the edge of the field seemed to ripen at different rates. Those at the centre of the field contained higher levels of CHL when compared with those of the same age produced at the edge of the field. This phenomenon could be due to topographical effects whereby the palms at the edge of the field were exposed to much more sunlight. This probably hastened the process of fruit ripening. A survey on CHL levels in commercial CPO samples supplied by mills showed the presence of CHL in all samples analysed. The range observed was between 250 and 1800 μg kg−1 with a mean value of 930±107 μg kg−1. This implied wide variations in the ripeness of palm fruits processed by the mills. ©1997 SCI

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