In plant cells, peroxisomes participate in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS). One of the major regulators of cellular ROS levels – catalase (CAT) – occurs exclusively in peroxisomes. CAT activity is required for immunity-triggered autophagic programmed cell death (PCD). Autophagy has been recently demonstrated to represent a route for degradation of peroxisomes in plant cells. In the present study, the dynamics of the cellular peroxisome pool in tobacco BY-2 cell suspension cultures were used to analyse the effects of inhibition of basal autophagy with special attention to CAT activity. Numbers of peroxisomes per cell, levels of CAT protein and activity, cell viability, ROS levels and expression levels of genes encoding components of antioxidant system were analysed upon application of 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an inhibitor of autophagy, and/or aminotriazole (AT), an inhibitor of CAT. When applied separately, 3-MA and AT led to an increase in cell death, but this effect was attenuated by their simultaneous application. The obtained data suggest that both the levels of CAT protein in peroxisomes as well as CAT activity modulate the onset of cell death in tobacco BY-2 cells via ROS levels and autophagy.
The review is aimed to analyze molecular mechanisms of carbohydrate transport during the formation of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), a widespread symbiosis of plants with Glomeromycotina subdivision fungi. Due to AM-symbiosis, plants receive microelements, mainly phosphorus, and fungi are supplied by products of carbon assimilation. The study of sugar transport mechanisms in plants as well as between plants and symbiont is methodologically difficult because of the obligatory status of AM fungi. The mechanisms of carbohydrate transport in leaf and root cells are concerned, particular interest is paid to transporters, specific to AM structures. Several resumptive schemes are designed. SWEET family of transporters (Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters), including AM-specific uniporters are reviewed. We summarize results on expression of genes encoding transporter in cells of plants without AM, in AM-plant cells with arbuscules and AM-plant cells without arbuscules. The data on genes of MST proteins family (Monosaccharide Transporters) participating in direct transport of sugars from the soil to the foliar mycelium of AM fungi are considered.
Basic innate immunity in plants is achieved via interactions between highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular structures and plant pattern recognition receptors, leading to elicitation of signaling cascades triggering molecular and cell defense mechanisms. At present, most of the components of basic innate immunity in barley have not been identified yet. Here, an overview of current knowledge on mechanisms underlying innate immunity in cereals is presented, based mostly on the data obtained for representatives of Triticeae and Oryzaeae, with a focus on the relationship between immunity, induction of autophagy and elicitation of programmed cell death during the defense response in barley.
The expressions of phosphate transport and carbohydrate metabolism genes in Medicago lupulina with and without Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation were evaluated. Differences in their transcript levels were found under conditions of different phosphorus levels in substrate.
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