The objective of the study was to examine the effects of a 16-week walking program on food group preferences and energy balance of sedentary, moderately obese (body mass index, 29-35 kg/m(2)), postmenopausal Caucasian women, aged 60 ± 5 years old. One hundred and fifty-six volunteers were subjected to 3 sessions/week of 45 min of walking at 60% of heart rate reserve. Total energy intake (TEI) and food group preferences (3-day dietary record), total energy expenditure (TEE, 3-day physical activity diary), cardiorespiratory fitness (2-km walking test), anthropometry, and body composition (bioelectrical impedance) were measured before and after walking. Data were statistically analyzed using an ANOVA with repeated measures on 1 factor (time). The modest increase in TEE of 151 ± 24 kcal/day (p < 0.0001) leads to body weight, fat mass losses, and waist girth reduction (p < 0.0001). TEI remained unchanged despite a slight decrease in carbohydrate intake and a minor increase in protein intake (p < 0.05). Analysis of food records revealed a decreased consumption of fruits (p < 0.05) and sweet and fatty foods (p < 0.01), but an increase in oil consumption (p < 0.0001) after walking. Women with the highest body weight loss showed the greatest reduction in the consumption of fruits, sugar, sweet foods, and fatty foods (p < 0.05). Women with the greatest fat mass loss showed the highest decrease in fatty food intake (p < 0.05). In conclusion, although our walking program changed some food group consumption patterns, body weight loss was primarily because of the increased TEE.
L'augmentation de la prévalence de l'obésité, chez les femmes, joue un rôle prépondérant dans l'apparition du syndrome métabolique et des comorbidités associées. De plus, la ménopause s'accompagne de nombreux changements physiologiques dont une augmentation du poids et de la masse grasse abdominoviscérale reflétée par un accroissement de la circonférence de la taille, un des critères du syndrome métabolique selon le NCEP/ATP III. Ces changements relatifs à la distribution régionale de la graisse sont généralement associés à une détérioration du bilan lipidique-lipoprotéique, une élévation de la tension artérielle de repos, une résistance à l'insuline et/ou une intolérance au glucose, ainsi qu'à un profil pro-inflammatoire et thrombotique exacerbé. Dans les sociétés industrialisées où l'alimentation hyperlipidique et la sédentarité sont ancrées dans les habitudes de vie, l'activité physique semble être un facteur clé pour minimiser le gain de poids à la ménopause et ainsi diminuer l'incidence des maladies cardiovasculaires et du diabète de type 2 associés au syndrome métabolique. Dans ce contexte, l'entraînement en endurance et notamment la marche pratiquée à une intensité modérée (60-70 % de la _ V O 2 max) à raison de 45 minutes par séance, trois à cinq fois par semaine, pendant une durée minimale de 12 semaines, associée ou non à une restriction calorique, diminue non seulement la masse grasse, la glycémie à jeun et l'hypertension artérielle, réduit l'inflammation chronique et le risque de thromboses, mais améliore également le profil lipidique-lipoprotéique et la sensibilité à l'insuline chez les femmes ménopausées. Un entraînement quotidien de durée et d'intensité modérées, comme la marche, semble donc être une stratégie pertinente visant à améliorer la santé cardiométabolique des femmes, à la ménopause.Abstract: The increased prevalence of obesity is a key factor in the emergence of metabolic syndrome and its associated comorbidities in women. In addition, menopause is often accompanied by a number of physiological changes including increased body weight and increased visceral fat mass, which are reflected by an increase in waist circumference, one of the criteria for metabolic syndrome according to NCEP/ATP III. Moreover, changes in regional fat distribution observed at menopause are generally related to a deteriorated lipid-lipoprotein profile, elevated resting blood pressure, insulin resistance and/or glucose intolerance, as well as enhanced pro-inflammatory and thrombotic states. In industrialized societies characterized by hyperlipidic food and sedentary lifestyle, physical activity seems to be a key factor in minimizing weight gain associated with menopause and thereby decreasing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, both associated with metabolic syndrome. Indeed, endurance training, and more particularly, walking for 45 minutes at a moderate intensity (60-70% of the _ V O 2 max), 3-5 times/week, for a minimum of 12 weeks, combined or not with a diet, not only decreases f...
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